Miscellaneous
What is the main purpose of transgenic crops?
To increase crop yields.
What are the TWO oldest types of biotechnology?
(1) Domestication of plants and animals, A.K.A. selective breeding.
(2) Using bacteria to create and/or preserve food, A.K.A. fermentation.
What is the primary goal at a biotechnology company?
Provide a product or service that is useful to society and results in earnings.
What group of potential products must be tests in clinical trials before they can be marketed to the public?
Pharmaceutical products.
What is the name of the principle that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care?
Informed consent.
What does IACUC stand for?
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
What is the name of a molecular biology technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene?
Gene / molecular cloning.
Where do scientists at public university laboratories get the majority of their funding?
Grants from industry, foundations, or the government.
How many phases are there in clinical trails?
Three.
What is the name of the global scientific effort to generate the first sequence of the human genome?
Human Genome Project.
Describe the phase 4 of clinical trials.
Monitoring side effects reported after drug-approved for sale by FDA and distributed to the population. May need to issue a recall if many or severe side effects reported.
Which kinds of enzymes allow scientists to cut and paste pieces of DNA together to form rDNA?
(1) Restriction enzymes
(2) DNA ligase
Name two ways that scientists share their experimental results with other scientists.
(1) Present results at scientific conferences.
(2) Publish results in scientific journals.
What is considered the "gold standard" for clinical trails?
Randomized controlled trails.
Which branch of genetics is concerned with the way in which an individual's genetic attributes affect the likely response to therapeutic drugs?
Pharmacogenetics.
Why are Hela cells loaded technology?
Major boon to science, but obtained through unethical means.
What are the two types of fermentation and which one is used to make yogurt?
The two types of fermentation are alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. The latter is used to make yogurt and other dairy products (while the former is used to make alcoholic beverages and bread).
Most biotechnology R&D laboratory positions required which degree?
A 4-year / bachelor's degree.
Which phase of clinical trials focuses on safety and determining the proper dose?
Phase I.
Which biotechnology involves the transplantation of normal genes into cells to replace missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders?
Gene therapy.
IACUC is to animals as ________ is to humans.
IRB (institutional review board).
Name two antibiotics used as medicines.
TYPES: penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, glycopeptides, etc.
NAMES: penicillin, amaoxicillin, doxycyline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, etc.
Which department in a biotechnology company is product-oriented and focused on identifying quality issues in manufactured products that could affect customer satisfaction?
Quality control.
Which phase of clinical trials compares a new treatment to a preexisting treatment in diseased individuals?
Phase III.
Which biotechnology involves the giving of advice to prospective parents concerning the chances of genetic disorders in a future child?
Genetic counseling.