Psychology 101
Refers to the degree to which the results of the study can be trusted to reflect the reality
Experiments always involve manipulating some of these and measuring the change in others of these.
What are variables?
This design is used when the sample size is not large; therefore, there is a chance that random allocation into groups will not be sufficient to ensure group equivalence.
What is the matched pairs design?
Ideal approach to make the sample representative
Every member of the target population could be part of the sample
Arguably a sufficient size to be a good representation of a population
Results easily generalizable
What is random sampling.
Usually starts with “how,” “what’” or “why.”
What is quantitative?
Refers to the extent to which the results of the study can be applied beyond the sample and the settings used in the study itself
What is generalizability?
The design involves random allocation of participants into groups and then compares those groups.
What is independent measures design?
All potential confounding variables cancel each other out in this design.
What is the independent measures design?
Theory-driven
Essential characteristics are fairly and equally represented
Ideal choice when certain about essential participant characteristics
Ideal choice when available sample sizes are not large
What is stratified sampling?
Contains an independent and dependent variable
What is quantitative?
any theoretically defined variable, for example, violence and aggression
What is a construct?
This design is used to compare conditions rather than groups of participants.
What is a repeated measures design?
Groups are exposed to 2 or more conditions, and the conditions are compared in this design.
What is the repeated measures design?
Recruit easily available participants
Works will with limited resources and time
People in study are not different in terms of the phenomenon being studied
What is convenience sampling?
Identifies the central phenomenon you plan to explore
What is qualitative?
the variable that is manipulated by the researcher
What is an independent variable?
An experiment follows this design when the IV is manipulated by randomly allocating participants into groups.
What is an independent measures design?
This involves using other groups of participants where the order of the conditions is reversed.
What is counterbalancing?
Recruiting volunteers
Quick and relatively easy to recruit individuals
Example would advertising an experiment in a local newspaper
Wide coverage
What is self-selected sampling?
Avoids the use of words such as relate, effect, cause, and influence
What is qualitative?
These studies are different from experiments in that the researcher does not manipulate any variables.
What are a correlational studies?
This design is used when the researcher finds it particularly important that the groups are equivalent in specific variable.
What is the matched pairs design?
The results differ depending on which condition comes first.
What is order effects?
Three-step process: 1. essential characteristics; 2. study distributions of characteristics; 3. recruit participants in same proportions in the sample as observed in the population
What is stratified sampling?
Descriptive questions are usually simple questions that ask about”how much” or “how often”or look for a list of things/factors
What is quantitative?