easy!
a nonfunctional allele
amorph
a sequence of base pairs within a gene that is not represented by any bases in the mature mRNA
intron
a tRNA with the appropriate amino acid attached
charged tRNA
1- towards the 5' of DNA is _______
2-towards the 3' end of DNA is __________
(following transcription)
1-upstream
2-downstream
group of genes transcribed into one mRNA
operon
a mutant allele with lower than normal levels of normal function
hypomorph
removing introns from the primary transcript
RNA splicing
copying RNA into DNA
reverse Transcription
generates a specific protein controlled by a single promoter single terminator/ number of functionally relevant proteins
monocistronic/polycistronic
RNA leader that regulates gene expression in response to small molecule or ion
riboswitch
an allele that either encodes a protein with abnormal function or expresses the normal protein at an abnormal place or time
neomorph
using the info in the base sequence of a DNA strand to polymerize a complementary RNA strand
transcription
DNA strand with same base sequence as primary transcript
RNA-like strand
enables insertion of an amino acid in response to nonsense codon resulting in a WT or near WT phenotype
nonsense suppressor mutations
termination of transcription elongation in response to translation
attenuation
an allele that encodes an overactive mutant protein or more normal protein than the normal allele does
hypermorph
using the info encoded in the base sequence of an mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide
translation
DNA strand complementary to the primary transcript
template strand
redundancy in genetic code that the same amino acids may be encoded by multiple codons
wobble
600 points
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA
mRNA- messengerRNA. DNA>ribosome
tRNA- transferRNA (charged)
rRNA- ribosomal///snRNA- small nuclearRNAboth involved in splicing
describes a gene for which two normally functioning alleles are required to avoid a mutant phenotype
haploinsufficient
single stranded RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm, where proteins are made
mRNA
produces different mature mRNAs from the same primary transcript
alternative splicing
ability of elements that are structurally different to perform the same function or yield the same output. multiple codons (sets of 3) nucleotides can code for the same amino acid during protein synthesis
degeneracy (ofthe genetic code)
1000 points
lacZ, lacY, lacA
lacZ- Beta-galactosidase
lacY- lactose permease
lacA- galactoside transacetylase