Week 2-3
Phonetics: What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? Which branch of phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced?
Phonetics studies articulatory physics of language while phonology studies cognitive sound systems. Articulatory phonetics studies how sounds are produced through vocal tract.
Grammar: Answer one of these questions:
Q1: What is the difference between deep structure and surface structure in syntax?
Q2: What are the three interrelated dimensions of language in Larsen Freeman's grammar teaching framework?
Q1: Surface structure is the different syntactic forms of individual sentences (e.g., active, passive, question), whereas deep structure is the abstract / general representation of syntax (NP+V+NP).
Q2: Form - Meaning - Use
Pragmatics: What is direct and indirect speech act?
In direct SA the form and function are directly related while in indirect SA one speech act is performed through another.
Introduction: What is Applied Linguistics?
Applied Linguistics is the application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to solve language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience in which language is a central issue.
Phonetics and Phonology: What do these concepts mean?: phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pairs, and suprasegmentals.
Phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit. Allophone is predictable variants of one phoneme. Minimal pairs are words differing by one phoneme. Suprasegmentals are stress, rhythm, and intonation that give meaning to the sounds.
Grammar: What is lexicogrammar and constructions? What examples can you give to explain them?
A construction is a form that has meaning at every level (sounds, words, syntax). Lexicogrammar studies interwined relationship between lexis and syntax.
SLA: What do these concepts mean?: Language Transfer, Fossilization, Interlanguage, Input-Output
Interlanguage: The learner’s internalized, systematic language system that contains elements of the L1, the TL, and rules created by the learner.
Language Pedagogy: What shifts have occured in language pedagogy over the years? Discuss the changes in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics pedagogy.
Pronunciation (from intuitive-imitative to analytic linguistic to communicative teaching).
Vocabulary (from isolated words and lexical chunks to words in context).
Grammar (from monodimensional to multidimensional).
Pragmatics (from pre-pragmatics era to communicative and contextual mapping).
Morphology: Answer one of these questions:
Q1: What is the difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes?
Q2: What is the difference between lexical and functional morphemes?
Q1: Derivational morphemes can create new words or change word classes, while inflectional morphemes express grammatical distinctions without creating new words.
Q2: Lexical morphemes are vocabulary content (open), while functional morphemes provide grammatical structure and relationships (closed).
Semantics: What do these concepts mean in Semantics?: Hyponymy, Prototype, Homophone, Metonymy, Polysemy
Hyponymy: words in network (apple-fruit-plant).
Prototype: the best example (bird-sparrow).
Homophone: same sound different meaning (see vs sea).
Metonymy: close real-world link (container vs content).
Polysemy: words with very closely related meanings (head - body part, position, function)
Pragmatics: How do linguistic, communicative and pragmatic knowledge relate to each other?
Linguistic competence is rules of language (accuracy). Pragmatic competence is how to use those rules (appropriacy). Communicative competence is the ability to use both linguistic and pragmatic knowledge dynamically to achieve a real-world social goal.
Synthesis Question: How does Applied Linguistics address the issues that emerge in language pedagogy with standard language norms, language variations, pedagogical limitations and cross-cultural considerations?
Intelligibility over native speaker norms; integrating both linguistic, communicative and sociopragmatic competence; embrasing World Englishes and contextual appropriateness; replacing the traditional pedagogical approaches with transformative practices.