The Oldest Stuff
The exchange of plants, animals, people and germs between the New World and Europe following the discovery of America in 1492
Columbian Exchange
An economic policy followed by Great Britain and other European nations from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.
mercantilism
Opponents of the proposed Constitution who favored strong state governments and a limited national government
Anti-Federalists
A wave of religious fervor that swept across America between 1800 and the early 1830s
Second Great Awakening
Nineteenth century belief that the United States was destined to spread democratic institutions and the blessings of liberty across the North American continent
Manifest Destiny
People who agree to work for a set number of years in return for passage to the colonies.
Indentured Servants
A period of intense religious revival that began in New England in the mid 1730s and then spread across all the colonies by the 1740s
First Great Awakening
The power of the Supreme Court to strike down an act of Congress as unconstitutional; established in Marbury v. Madison
judicial review
The idealization of women in their roles as wives and mothers.
cult of domesticity
Anti-foreign sentiment among native-born Americans
nativism
An inhuman commerce that uprooted more than ten million Africans from their homes and loved ones.
Atlantic Slave Trade
An 18th century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to question previously accepted doctrines and traditions
enlightenment
A set of political beliefs associated with Andrew Jackson and his supporters.
Jacksonian Democracy
John C. Calhoun argued that a state legislature or convention could void, or nullify, a law passed by Congress
nullification
Belief that the settlers in a given territory have the right to decide whether or not to accept slavery
popular sovereignty
The Spanish Crown rewarded important officials with an encomienda, a grant conferring the right to demand tribute and labor from the local Native Americans.
Encomienda System
The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtues in their children
Republican Motherhood
A legislative program promoted by Henry Clay
American System
Refers to the creation of a national economy between 1820 and 1860
market revolution
Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites
black codes
The exchange of goods and labor between Africa, the Americas and Europe.
Trans-Atlantic Trade
The belief that government derives its power from the people
republicanism
The Supreme Court practice of rendering decisions that increase the power of federal government
judicial nationalism
Belief that people can achieve a moral perfection in their earthly lives
perfectionism
Following the Civil War, Southern planters adopted a labor system in which newly freed slaves became sharecroppers who exchanged their labor for the use of land, tools, and seed
sharecropping