Native Societies & Exchange
This crop, first cultivated in Mexico, spread throughout North America and supported the growth of complex Native societies.
What is Maize
This European nation established Jamestown in 1607.
What is England?
This cash crop became the economic foundation of Virginia and much of the Chesapeake.
What is tobacco?
Under this labor system, Europeans worked for several years in exchange for transportation to the colonies.
What is indentured servitude?
This Native confederacy interacted with the English settlers at Jamestown.
What is the Powhatan Confederacy?
Established in Virginia in 1619, this became the first representative legislative assembly in English North America.
What is the House of Burgesses?
Native peoples in this dry region developed irrigation systems and lived in permanent settlements such as pueblos.
Who are the Pueblo peoples of the Southwest?
This European power's North American economy relied heavily on the fur trade and cooperation with Native trading partners.
What is France?
This religious group founded Massachusetts Bay Colony and sought to create a godly community.
Who are the Puritans?
This Virginia policy granted land to colonists who paid for the transportation of immigrants to the colony.
What is the headright system?
This 1680 uprising temporarily drove Spanish colonists out of New Mexico.
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
This economic philosophy held that colonies should contribute to the wealth and power of the mother country.
What is mercantilism?
This biological exchange transferred plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after 1492.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This European power established New Netherland and the important trading settlement of New Amsterdam.
What are the Dutch/Netherlands?
Pennsylvania and New York were part of this colonial region known for agricultural production and religious and ethnic diversity.
What are the Middle Colonies?
This Spanish colonial system granted colonists the right to demand labor or tribute from Indigenous communities.
What is the encomienda system?
Also called Metacom's War, this devastating conflict occurred between New England colonists and Native peoples in 1675–1676
What is King Philip's War?
These British laws attempted to regulate colonial trade for the benefit of the British Empire.
What are the Navigation Acts?
This Old World disease contributed to catastrophic population decline among Indigenous peoples because they had little previous exposure to it.
What is smallpox?
Spanish colonization frequently combined economic extraction with an effort to spread this religion.
What is Christianity/Catholicism?
This movement brought thousands of Puritan settlers, often traveling as families, to New England during the 1630s.
What is the Great Migration?
DAILY DOUBLE
Create a causal relationship using TOBACCO → LAND → LABOR → SLAVERY.
Explain why the French fur trade generally encouraged closer alliances with Native peoples than British agricultural settlement did.
French traders depended on Native trade networks, knowledge, and access to furs, while expanding British agricultural settlements required increasing amounts of land, contributing to displacement and conflict.
DAILY DOUBLE
This Spanish colonial hierarchy categorized people partly according to ancestry and racial background. Explain its purpose.
Explain ONE way the Columbian Exchange changed both the Americas and Europe.
Americas: disease caused massive Indigenous population loss and Old World animals/crops transformed environments and economies. Europe: American crops such as maize and potatoes contributed to population growth, dietary changes, and migration.
Explain ONE major difference between French and British colonization and how that difference affected relations with Native peoples.
France generally emphasized trade and had fewer settlers, encouraging Native alliances; Britain sent larger settler populations and expanded agriculture, increasing demand for Native land and contributing to conflict.
Explain ONE major reason New England and the Chesapeake developed different societies despite both being British colonies.
Differences in economic goals, environment, religion, and migration patterns. New England attracted Puritan families and developed towns/small farms, while Chesapeake colonies emphasized tobacco agriculture, producing greater demand for land and labor.
This 1676 Virginia uprising revealed tensions over land, Native policy, political power, and class and is associated with changes in Virginia's labor system.
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
Challenge the claim: "Native Americans were simply victims who reacted to European colonization."
Native peoples actively shaped colonization through trade, diplomacy, alliances, warfare, resistance, and adaptation. Students should provide evidence such as the Pueblo Revolt, Powhatan, Haudenosaunee diplomacy, or French-Native alliances.
Explain how Britain's policy of salutary neglect contributed to the development of distinct colonial political traditions.
Loose enforcement of imperial regulations gave colonial assemblies and local governments considerable experience managing their own affairs, contributing to traditions and expectations of self-government.