Key Terms
What is Predestination?
Calvinist doctrine that states God has already established whether you will go to heaven or hell (irreversable fate)
What do the Puritans believe? And the separatists?
Puritans were english protestant reformers that wanted to PURIFY the Church of England
Separists were english protestant reformers that wanted to LEAVE the Church of England
What was the Great Migration(1910s-1970s)? What was the goal?
Migration of 70,000 refugees from England to the North American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean. The migrants sought to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World.
Who was Martin luther (1483-1586)?
A key figure in the Protestant Reformation, known for challenging the Catholic Church and shaping modern Christianity. He challenged the Church's practices of indulgences and corruption with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Instead, he emphasized salvation by faith, Scripture authority, and the priesthood of all believers. His excommunication in 1521 and the Edict of Worms led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations, particularly Lutheranism.
Who were the Quakers? What did they believe in?
Religious group known for their tolerance, pacifism, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th century
What were the Navigation Laws? Who benefited and who didn't?
A series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England
Benefited the South which was more trade-based, wasn't beneficial to the North, who were extremely restricted
What were the King Phillip’s War (1675-1676)? What was the result?
A series of assults by Metacom(King Phillip) on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades
Who was John Calvin(1509-1564)?
A French theologian and pastor, and a key figure in the Protestant Reformation. Believed in certain concepts like: sovereignty of God, predestination, total depravity, and grace alone. Sovereignty of God: Calvin believed that God is absolutely sovereign over all aspects of life and creation. Predestination: God has already decided whether you will go to heaven or hell and there is nothing you can do about it. Total Depravity: human nature is fundamentally sinful and incapable of choosing God without divine intervention. Grace Alone: Salvation is a gift from God, received through faith alone; human efforts or works cannot contribute to one's salvation.
What was Salutary neglect? Who benefited, who didn't?
Relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws (lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the French/Indian War)
North benefited because it had more freedom to rule; the South didn't benefit
What was the Mayflower compact (1620)?
An Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony
What was the Glorious Revolution (1688)? How did it end?
A relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II, replacing him with Dutch-born William III and Mary, daughter of James II. People were upset because James II was a tyrant and Catholic, so the people replaced him with Protestant William III.
Who are the two people who rebelled against the puritan faith?
Anne Hutchinson - she was a woman who dissented against an anti-woman government
Roger Williams
What was Mercantilism?
Economic theory that closely linked a nation’s political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports
Basically, colonies exist to enrich their mother colony.
What were the Fundamental Orders (1639)?
Drafted by settlers in the Conneticut River Valley, document was the first “modern constitution” establishing a democratically controlled government
What were the Pequot War(1636-37)? How did it end?
A series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in Connecticut River valley, which ended in ‘Puritans slaying the Pequots and their allies
Who was Sir Edmund Andros? What was he sent to do?
Sent by England to several colonies to implement the Navigation Laws. His authoritarian governance and the establishment of the Dominion of New England, ultimately led to his overthrow during the Boston Revolt.
What were the Blue laws?
Sumptuary laws; designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. They were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania
What was the English Civil War (1642-51)? How did it end?
Armed conflict between royalists and parlimentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I
Who was William Bradford(1590-1657)?
William Bradford was the governor of the Plymouth colony for 30 years, and helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of the first permanent colony in New England.