Chapter 1
This explorer reached the Americas in 1492 while attempting to find a western trade route to Asia.
Christopher Columbus
The English settlement, founded in Virginia in 1607 y the Virginia Company of London, became England's first permanent settlement in North America.
Jamestown
Remember = 1607 + Virginia + England
This colony was founded in 1630 by Puritans and became the center of the New England Puritan community.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
This cash crop dominated the Chesapeake economy and created a huge demand for labor in Virginia and Maryland.
Tobacco
This religious movement of the 1730s and 1740s emphasized emotional preaching, personal faith, and challenged the authority of established churches.
Great Awakening
This term describes the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and goods between the Americas and the Old World following European contact.
Columbian Exchange
French colonization in North America differed from English colonization because the French economy relied heavily on this activity, encouraging French settlers to develop trading relationships with Native Americans.
A. Tobacco farming
B. Fur trading
C. Gold mining
D. Large-Scale plantation agriculture
B. Fur trading
Connection: France had fewer settlers and relied heavily on the beaver fur trade, so cooperation and trade with Native Americans were especially important.
This agreement, signed aboard the Mayflower in 1620, created a basic form of self-government based on majority rule.
Mayflower Compact
This system gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for the passage of a laborer to the Chesapeake colonies.
Headright System
This economic system connected New England, Africa, and the West Indies through the exchanged of rum, enslaved Africans, and molasses.
Triangular Trade
Spain used this labor system in the Americas, granting colonists control over Indigenous labor while supposedly requiring them to Christianize Indigenous peoples.
Encomienda System
A. Discovery of large gold deposits
B. Development of tobacco as a profitable cash crop.
C. Establishment of the fur trade
D. Creation of religious missions
Why?: John Rolfe helped establish successful tobacco cultivation, giving Virginia a profitable export.
Memory Trick: Virginia > Tobacco > $$$
This man was banished from Massachusetts Bay after challenging Puritan religious authority and later founded Rhode Island, where he supported religious freedom.
Roger Williams
This 1676 uprising in Virginia was led by Nathaniel Bacon and reflected tensions between frontier settlers and the colonial government.
Bacons Rebelion
This 1734-1735 court case involving a New York newspaper printer helped establish the idea that criticizing government officials could be protected if the statements were true.
John Peter Zenger trial
The dramatic decline of Indigenous populations following European contact most directly helped European colonizers accomplish this larger goal.
A. Establish political and economic control over American territories.
B. End competition among European nations
C. Eliminate the need for colonial labor
D. Prevent Christianity from spreading
A. Establish political and economic control over American territories.
APUSH reasoning: Diseases such as smallpox weakened many communities and making European conquest and colonization easier.
Founded by the Dutch in the Hudson River area, this colony became an important center for trade before England seized it in 1664.
New Netherland
Remember: Dutch > New Netherland > English take it > New York
This 1649 Maryland law granted religious toleration to Christians and was meant in part to protect Catholics in a largely Protestant colony.
Act of Toleration
As a supply of indentured servants declined in the late 1600s, Chesapeake planters increasingly turned to this labor system to support plantation agriculture
African Slavery
The rapid population growth and increasing ethnic diversity of the colonies during the 1700s most directly contributed to this broader development in British North America.
Growth of a more diverse and less socially uniform colonial society.
Connection: Immigration from Germans, Scots-Irish, and other groups made the colonies more culturally and religiously diverse.
Which development BEST explains why European exploration of the Americas increased dramatically during the late 1400s and 1500s?
A. European nations wanted to establish democratic governments overseas.
B. European states sought new trade routes, wealth, and opportunities to spread Christianity.
C. European countries wanted to isolate themselves from Asian markets.
D. Europeans Primarily wanted to learn agricultural techniques from Native Americans.
B. European states sought new trade routes, wealth, and opportunities to spread Christianity.
Connection: Think "God, Gold, and Glory" -- religion, economic opportunity, and competition among European powers.
Conflict over land and English expansion around Jamestown led to two major wars between Virginia colonists and this Native American group during the first half of the 1600s.
Powhatan People
Connection: Growing English settlement + need for more land > increasing conflict with the Powhatan.
This 1686 political arrangement combined several New England colonies under tighter royal control, creating anger because it reduced local self-government and restricted town meetings.
Dominion of New England
This major difference between New England and the Chesapeake helped explain why New England developed more stable family communities while the Chesapeake had a more scattered and less stable population.
New England's Family-based migration and longer life expectancy compared with Chesapeake's high death rates and migration of mostly single laborers
The Great Awakening and the Zenger trial both contributed to this larger trend that would later influence resistance to British authority.
Growing willingness of colonists to question traditional authority.