Period 1
This staple crop allowed many Native American societies to develop permanent settlements and larger populations:
Maize
Who was the colonist credited with bringing the most lucrative strain of tobacco from the West Indies, to North America?
John Rolfe
John Locke's ideology influenced colonists on the notion of _________
Baron de Montesquieu's ideology influenced colonists on the notion of ___________
Natural Rights (John Locke)
Separation of Powers (Baron de Montesquieu)
The Election of 1800 ended with a tied electoral vote. How was this election decided?
The House of Reps. voted in favor of Thomas Jefferson, over Aaron Burr - took them 36 tries to get a winner.
This belief justified U.S. expansion across North America in the 1800s:
Manifest Destiny
This railroad, completed in 1869, connected the East and West coasts of the United States:
Transcontinental Railraod
Which president became known for his "Square Deal" and trust-busting efforts?
Theodore Roosevelt
(Square Deal: 3 C's - Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection, Conservation of Natural Resources)
How did the GI Bill and suburbanization shape postwar America?
Helped veterans buy homes and attend college, suburbanization expanded middle-class life. (Led to the development of the 'Boomer' generation)
Why did conservatism gain prominence in the late 20th century?
Rose due to backlash against big government, taxes, social movements, crime, inflation, and changing cultural values.
What group of natural pigments affects the color of the hair and skin?
Melanin
This exchange of goods, crops, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds dramatically reshaped global populations:
Columbian Exchange
What was the Plymouth Colony's governing document?
Mayflower Compact
The belief in republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people became central to the American Cause.
The ideas were powerfully expressed in, Thomas Paine's ___________, and the _____________
Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
In the case ________ v ________ - the court ruled that states could not tax the federal government, and established the doctrine of Implied Powers.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Which war resulted in the U.S. gaining vast western territory?
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
This business strategy, involved controlling every step of production, from raw materials to distribution:
Vertical Integration
What event in 1915 increased anti-German feeling in the United States after German U-boat warfare was conducted?
The sinking of the Lusitania
Why was Watergate significant?
Exposed presidential abuse of power & led to Nixon's resignation
How did the 9/11 attacks impact U.S. foreign and domestic policy?
Provide 2 specific examples:
War on Terror (War in Afghanistan & Iraq)
Department of Homeland Security
Airport Security changes
Surveillance expansion (USA Patriot Act)
What nursery rhyme character was rich on Monday but broke on Sunday?
Solomon Grundy
This labor system granted Spanish colonists the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans, often leading to exploitation:
Encomienda System
In 1664, the __________ overthrew the colony of New Netherland and renamed it __________.
English, New York
The intervention of which Ally aided the Americans during the Revolution?
The French
What major change in the voter landscape gave Andrew Jackson a better chance at winning the 1828 election?
The Expansion of White Male Suffrage
This 1854 act allowed settlers to decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty, leading to violence:
Kansas-Nebraska Act (Bleeding Kansas)
This law attempted to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual plots:
The Dawes Act
What two laws restricted civil liberties during WWI by punishing anti-war speech and interference with the draft?
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
What decision was made in Brown v. Board of Education? This overturned the decision made in what other SCOTUS case?
Plessy v. Ferguson
Describe at least one part of Reagan's Cold War policy that put pressure on the Soviet Union:
Military Buildup (Strategic Defense Initiative/Star Wars)
Anti-communist rhetoric (Evil Empire speech, Tear Down This Wall speech)
Support for Anti-Soviet movements (Contras in Nicaragua)
The Kansas City Chiefs were originally known as what?
The Dallas Texans
The rapid decline of Native American populations after European contact was primarily caused by this factor, which Europeans often carried unknowingly:
spread of smallpox
What event resulted in the colonies converting from indentured servant-based labor, to slave-based labor?
Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
The American Revolution was essentially over after the __________ and the defeat of British General _________.
Yorktown (Virginia), General Cornwallis
What is the difference between the First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening?
1st- more Calvinistic (Pre-dest.) religious revival focused on personal faith
2nd - longer, emphasized individual's ability to choose salvation - leading to greater focus on social and moral reforms.
This SCOTUS decision ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories:
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
In William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold Speech', what did he argue?
The Gold Standard hurt farmers and workers by limiting the money supply.
Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles, despite Wilson’s support for it?
Many senators feared entangling alliances and opposed joining the League of Nations, especially because it might limit congressional power to declare war
How did the Vietnam War escalate under Lyndon B. Johnson?
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, bombing campaigns, more U.S. troops sent to Indochina
What caused the 'Great Recession' of 2008?
Housing bubble, risky lending, mortgage-backed securities, financial deregulation, and bank failure
What TV show takes place in Quahog?
Family Guy
This Spanish priest criticized the treatment of Native Americans and argued for their protection during debates about colonization:
Bartolome de las Casas
The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the colonists from doing what? This Proclamation was made after which war?
Crossing the border (West of the Appalachian Mountains)
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
The _________ established a weak central government with limited powers.
Articles of Confederation
The _________ __________ transformed the American economy - led by entrepreneurs and industrialists. How did this shape the economy-based relationship with two very different regions, the North and the South?
Market Revolution
Increased infrastructure, and free-flow of trade led to the South being able to export more of their commodities to the manufacturing-based North - to create products. Maintained a good business relationship between both regions.
This proposal attempted to ban slavery in territories gained from Mexico but failed, intensifying sectional tensions:
Wilmot Proviso (Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot)
What event in 1890 symbolized the end of major Native American armed resistance on the Great Plains?
Wounded Knee Massacre
To what extent did the New Deal represent a shift in the role of the federal government?
It marked a major expansion of federal power, as the government took responsibility for economic stability and citizens’ welfare through relief, recovery, and reform programs, though it did not fully end the Great Depression
How did the Great Society expand the federal government?
Provide at least two specific examples
Medicare, Medicaid, education funding, civil rights enforcement, and anti-poverty programs.
Describe the difference between Supply-side and Keynesian economics:
Supply-side:
-Deregulation of markets, lower taxes (especially on the wealthy), allowing for maximum production/need for production - creating jobs and growth. Moreso for long-term sustainable economic growth.
Keynesian:
- Active Government intervention (Fiscal policy) is necessary to stabilize the economy during recessions, primarily through increased government spending. Moreso for immediate impact on fixing the economy.
What does the word "honcho" mean in Japanese?
Squad Leader / Group Leader / Foreman
Unlike Spanish/English colonization, these European powers focused more on trade and alliances with Native Americans rather than large-scale conquest and settlement:
(2 Powers, list them both)
French and Dutch
_______ _________ _________ was put on trial for ______, printing a publication pointing out the corrupt actions of William Cosby, governor of New York.
John Peter Zenger, Libel
This compromise resolved the debate between large and small states by creating a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House of reps, and equal representation in the Senate:
The 'Great' Compromise
The __________ ___________ shaped future U.S. interventions in Latin America, including its justification for later actions/a new presidential policy - known as the __________ ___________ (led to military interventions in the Caribbean and Central America)
Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary (Add-on to the Monroe Doctrine)
Who was impeached for removing Secretary of War Edward Stanton without Senate approval? What did that action violate?
Andrew Johnson, Tenure of Office Act (1867)
After the assassination of President _________, this act created a merit-based civil service system to reduce political corruption:
James A. Garfield
Pendleton Civil Service Act
How did the Marshall Plan reflect the U.S.'s broader strategy of containment in the early Cold War?
The Marshall Plan provided economic aid to rebuild Western European countries in order to prevent the spread of communism; by stabilizing economies and promoting capitalism, the U.S. aimed to limit Soviet influence in Europe and contain communism.
Why did McCarthyism gain support, and why did it decline?
gained support: fear of communism / soviet expansion / espionage
Lost support: McCarthy's tactics, became extremely scrutinized particularly through the Army-McCarthy hearings
Why has political polarization increased in recent decades?
Provide at least two specific aspects:
Partisan media / Social Media
Gerrymandering
Cultural conflict
20th/21st century Immigration
Alice Cooper