Columbian Exchange and Atlantic World
This transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas reshaped diets and populations worldwide.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The Spanish labor-and-land system used to organize and regulate Native American labor in their colonies.
What is the encomienda system?
Many in 1788 favored this change to replace the weak national government under the Articles of Confederation.
What is a stronger central government?
Growing sectional tensions in the 1800s were intensified by disputes over admitting new territories with or without this institution.
What is slavery?
This 18th-century religious revival, led by preachers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, renewed Protestant fervor and encouraged ideas of individual spiritual equality.
What is the Great Awakening?
An immediate demographic effect in the Americas caused by diseases brought by Europeans. (What happened to the Native American populations?)
What is the decline of Native American populations?
To maximize profits, Spanish colonial leaders often treated native populations this way to secure labor for commodity extraction.
What is subjugation, exploitation, or enslavement of Native populations?
To address concerns about federal power during ratification, this set of protections was promised and later added to the Constitution.
What is the Bill of Rights?
This 19th-century ideology held that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent and was used to justify westward expansion.
What is Manifest Destiny?
This 1765 law taxed printed materials in the colonies and provoked widespread protest, later being repealed while Parliament issued a statement asserting its authority.
What is the Stamp Act (and its repeal with the Declaratory Act)?
Introducing New World crops like maize and potatoes to Europe produced this economic impact across the continent.
What is stimulation of European economies (economic growth)?
Spanish soldiers stationed in Mexico would likely have supported this policy toward Native Americans' religion.
What is forced conversion to Christianity? (Double points for Catholicism specifically)
This political group opposed centralized national power and later influenced resistance to federal oversight in the 1790s.
Who are the Democratic-Republicans (or Anti-Federalists)?
Innovations in textile machinery, steam engines, and interchangeable parts shaped this policy proposal championed by Henry Clay.
What is the American System?
This group was supporting behind the scenes during the American Revolution, such as planning protests for the Patriot Cause.
Who were women?
These new Atlantic interactions in the 1400s led Europeans to develop new trade methods and profit-seeking practices.
What is the rise of the Atlantic economy (or Atlantic trade networks)?
After criticism of abuses, the Spanish crown issued these to attempt to reduce mistreatment of Native laborers.
What are royal laws or reforms (such as the New Laws)?
This 1780s uprising of indebted farmers highlighted problems of popular government and helped spur calls for constitutional change.
What is Shays’ Rebellion?
Northeastern textile innovations helped build support in the 1820s for this protectionist economic measure.
What are high protective tariffs (or tariffs)?
This 1763 royal proclamation attempted to stabilize relations with Native Americans by limiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
What is the Proclamation of 1763?
Archaeological finds showing traded objects used in traditional ways support the idea that trade goods were integrated into these groups’ lives.
What are American Indian customs (or Native American cultural practices)?
One consequence of European contact was Spain importing these people as a new labor source, altering Native demographics.
Who are Africans (or African slaves)?
The Anti-Federalists’ skepticism about executive power is reflected by the existence of many state documents that limited this office.
What is limited executive authority (in state constitutions)?
Rapid economic change increased regional interdependence and led to this Supreme Court case regulating interstate commerce.
What is Gibbons v. Ogden?
This series of British laws (including the Hat, Molasses, and Iron Acts) tightened imperial control by restricting colonial manufacturing and trade to benefit the mother country.
What are the Navigation Acts (and their extensions)?