general
What were the 6 primary motives of imperialism?
6 D's
destiny, dollars, darwinism, democracy, defense, deity
What were the 6 instigators of the Spanish-American war?
1. Jingoism
2. Sinking of the Maine
3. Yellow Press
4. De Lôme Letter
5. Cuban Revolt
6. McKinley's War Message
What was U.S. foreign policy pre-imperialism?
westward expansion
protecting U.S. interests abroad
limiting foreign influence in the Americas
What were the 3 main territories involved during the war?
Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico
A diplomatic policy that called for a system of equal trade and investment in China
Open-Door Policy
Who were the supporters of expansionism?
Who were their leaders?
missionaries, politicians, naval strategists, + journalists
Believed that the U.S. needed to compete or they’d be reduced to a 2nd class power
Dollar Diplomacy vs. Big Stick Policy
Dollar Diplomacy: promoting U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises abroad
Big Stick: refers to Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy
What were McKinley's reasons for war with Spain?
To put an end to the violence against Cubans by Spanish force
To protect the lives and properties of Americans living in Cuba
To end the serious detriment to trade and business
To end the constant menace to American peace caused by Cuban unrest
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
Conflict resulting from imperialistic rivalry between Russia and Japan → Roosevelt organized a conference to settle the dispute resulting in negative sentiments from Japan
Representatives from various western hemisphere nations meet to discuss the foundation for a cooperative and friendly plan over trade and other issues
Pan-American Conference
What were Sec. of State Hay's second rounds of notes?
Hays feared expeditionary forces in China and wrote a second round of provisions to the Open Door Policy
Preserve China’s territorial integrity
Safeguard “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire”
Cleveland & McKinley
What was the conservative perspective on imperialism?
conservatives hoped that foreign territories would lift the burden from the Panic of 1893
concerned about: growing violence of labor management disputes, farmer unrest
Pro-Expansionists = diplomatic & economic policies NOT military
What occurred during U.S. invasion of Cuba?
What was the outcome?
a regiment of Cuban and American volunteers succeeded in defeating Spanish forces in Cuba → major deaths by tropical disease
U.S. destroys Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay → no navy = can’t fight
Congress passes a joint resolution in response to the McKinley war message authorizing war
→ declared the U.S. had no intention of taking over Cuba once peace was restored
Hawaiian Queen overthrown by Americans in Hawaii who wanted to be annexed by U.S.
Queen Liliuokalani
What were the 3 provisions of the Treaty of Paris?
(1) the recognition of Cuban independence
(2) U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
(3) U.S. acquisition of the Philippines and payment of $2o million to Spain
What were the insular cases?
Series of Supreme Court cases → ruled that Congress had the power to decide
Questioned whether or not U.S. territories would impose the provisions and citizen rights of the constitution (antis argues yes, pros argued no)
Who were the Rough Riders?
U.S. volunteer cavalry during Spanish-American war (diverse group of individuals)
U.S. remains in Cuba → Congress agrees to withdraw if Cuba agrees to the provisions of the Platt Amendment
Never sign a treaty with foreign powers that would impair independence
Allow U.S. to intervene in domestic affairs to preserve independence + law and order
Allow U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba (perm. residence at Guantanamo Bay)
The Platt Amendment
What territories were acquired by the U.S. during this period?
What was Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?
Roosevelt declares that the U.S. would intervene whenever necessary to prevent violations of the Monroe Doctrine
U.S. would send gunboats to Latin nations that did not pay debts
Corollary was used to justify the intervention in countless Latin American nations → resulted in poor long-term relations
What did the Jones Act establish in the Philippines?
(1) granted full territorial status to the country
(2) guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens
(3) promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable gov’t is established
Describe the annexation of Hawaii?
Missionaries and entrepreneurs occupy the islands and seek out their resources (sugar, pineapple, etc.) → American settlers aimed to overthrow monarchy
Cleveland opposed imperialism and blocked Republican efforts to annex Hawaii
Outbreak of war in the Philippines enabled the annexation to be completed
U.S. foreign policy that opposed European colonialism in the Western hemisphere
→ any intervention in the political affairs of the Americas by foreign powers is a potentially hostile act against the United States
The Monroe Doctrine