Early Colonization
What European Nation sought tight control over their colonies and focused on converting and exploiting the Natives. (Think 3 Gs)
The Spanish
Spread of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
What region of the English colonies Were founded by mostly Puritans, a group of like-minded individuals. These colonies tended to be close-knit and had longer life expectancy than other English colonies. The economy was a mix of farming and trade.
The New England Colonies
Time period that focused on reason and knowledge and promoted new ideas about government (natural rights, consent of the governed, separation of powers). These ideas helped influence the American Revolution. This promoted the idea of self-governance though colonial assemblies and town meetings.
The Enlightenment
Native American revolt in the late 17th century in present-day New Mexico against the Spanish. The Spanish were expelled for over 10 years. Once they regained control, the Spanish began to take a more accommodating approach to Natives and allowed some religious accommodation.
Pueblo Revolt
What European Nation colonies were based on agriculture; large number of men AND women inhabited the colonies; relatively hostile relations with Native Americans.
The English
Spanish system of granting land to colonists in the New World. This system exploited Native Americans and resources.
Encomienda System
What region of the British colonies were the most diverse religiously and saw the most immigrants from Europe. The economy was based on grain, and featured regions such as Pennsylvania and New Netherlands.
Middle Colonies
Economic policy that focuses on making money for the mother country. This policy favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver.
Mercantilism
were men and women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for 5-7 years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter.
Indentured Servitude/Indentured Servant
What European Nation(s) colonies had fewer inhabitants than other countries; focused on trade, alliances, and intermarriage with Native Americans. Heavy focus on furs (beaver)
(Can take two answers here)
French and the Dutch
The rigid, race-based social hierarchy established in Spanish America, known as the sistema de castas, placed individuals born of European and Native American parents into the specific classification of ______________, creating a large, often marginalized group that occupied a middle tier in the colonial social structure.
Mestizo
These colonies relied on indentured servants initially, later replaced by African slaves. Staple crops like tobacco, rice, and sugar made the colonies prosperous. Discrepancies between the backcountry poor and coastal elite
Chesapeake and Southern
What was the first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Puritans, adventurers, and tradesmen.
Mayflower Compact
Native Americans resisted English Colonial expansion leading to numerous wars such as... (Multiple answers, name one.)
Pequot War, Beaver Wars, & King Philip's War
To sustain their large, permanent settlements and intensive maize agriculture in the arid Southwest, the Pueblo peoples developed extensive networks of canals and dams for water management, demonstrating advanced mastery of ______________ techniques.
The _____ challenged the traditional, established religious authorities of the colonies by emphasizing the emotional and personal nature of faith, a revival spread across denominations largely through the powerful, itinerant preaching style of evangelists like George Whitefield.
First Great Awakening
Founded as a proprietary colony and a "Holy Experiment" by ______________, the colony of Pennsylvania was unique among the English settlements for its commitment to pacifism, fair treatment of Native Americans, and broad religious freedom, attracting diverse settlers including Quakers and other persecuted groups.
William Penn
What was one of the first examples of self-governance in the New World, was formed in Virginia in 1642/43 by the General Assembly. By its creation, the General Assembly then became bicameral.
House of Burgessess
The Maryland Act of Toleration (1649), though intended primarily to protect ______________ from persecution by Protestants, was a significant early step toward religious freedom in the colonies, though it notably did not extend protection to non-Christians.
Catholics
European powers competed to find a water route to China to establish a faster trade route. This trade route was known as the...
Northwest Passage
In the Northeast, groups like the ______________ established robust political and military alliances, known as a confederacy, to manage internal conflicts and present a unified front against other Native groups and eventually, European encroachment.
Iroquois
The rebellion highlighted the strife between backcountry frontiersmen facing Native American attacks and the rich plantation owners living near coastal settlements
Bacon's Rebellion
The first colonial constitution. In Hartford, Connecticut, the first constitution in the American colonies
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Significant leader of the Puritans whom stated "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us."
John Winthrop