Rebellions and Revolts
Describe the Pueblo revolt.
Also known as Pope's rebellion of 1680, the Pueblo revolt occurred after Spain began colonizing the land the Hopi, Zuni, and Tewa natives lived on. The native peoples fought them after the Spaniards, with catholic persists and missionaries forced the to convert to Catholicism. The natives resistance led to imprisonment, torture, and mutilation.
Describe Spain's colonization of America.
The Spanish colonized America because they wanted to extract wealth, such as gold and silver, and spread religion. They did this through agriculture and mining! They subjugated the native population under the Encomienda system, and when that failed they forced labor from Africa. The reformation in Europe (a religious movement sparked by Martin Luther) caused a new missionary zeal to occur, so many people were eager to spread Catholicism. The Spanish built forts called presidios to defend their land. As time passed, there were few natives left to convert and there was a major decline in natural resources (gold and silver) and hurricanes that resulted in many environmental catastrophes.
Describe the Spanish caste system, and slavery.
After the Encomienda system failed, the Spanish replaced it with forced labor from Africa. The caste system: established because the Spanish needed a way to impose taxes in an orderly way. The hierarchy was determined based on Spanish ancestry, the lower you were on the caste system, the higher taxes you had to pay. This shaped and influenced colonial societies throughout the Western Hemisphere.
Peninsulares (born in Spain)
Criollos (Spanish but born in the America's)
Mestizos (Spanish and Native American ancestry)
Mulattoes (Spanish and African ancestry)
Africans
Native Americans
Describe Jamestown
Jamestown, Virginia! Expedition funded by business investors through the joint-stock company. (Group of investors that pooled their money together and shared the economic risks.) They hoped to find gold and silver in Jamestown. However, a lot died from famine and disease. This is when tobacco came to rise.
Describe Haciendas
Landed estates in Spanish America, owned by Spaniards or Criollos (Spanish born in the America's). The start of haciendas marked an uneven transition from mining to an agricultural and pastoral system. Hired indigenous labor and gave them shelter, and food in return for labor. Their debt was paid to the patron through labor. Workers began having more control over their wages than those living in Haciendas.
Describe Bacon's rebellion.
An uprising by Nathanial Bacon, resentful of Native violence and wanting land he led poor farmers and indentured servants on an attack on the Indians and then destroyed some of Berkeleys land. This had the effect of the elite planters fearing another uprising by the indentured servants which led to a different source of labor for their plantations. This led to slavery.
Describe the New England Colonies.
Containing Plymouth in Massachusetts and Massachusetts Bay Colony. Their economies were dominated by fishing, shipbuilding, commerce, lumbering, and small-scale manufacturing. A lot of people moved to these colonies as a way to escape the religious persecution happening in Europe, and they sought to find a safe place to practice their religion. Notable groups of people include the Pilgrims, who whammed to separate from the church of England and the Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England.
Describe indentured servitude.
British settlers who paid for the journey of a poorlaboreru would gain that person as a servant for a period of time. (usually 4-7 years).
Describe Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Maryland and Pennsylvania. Settled as a refuge for catholics, utilized a proprietorship type of government. (A person appointed by the British monarchy to rile and govern the colony). The proprietor could grant religious freedom, ban slavery, or impose other forms of legislation on the colonists. The most notable proprietor being George Calvert in 1632 who promoted “religious freedom” (un welcomed jews and muslims) through An Act of Toleration which allowed for freedom of all Christians, but protected catholics who were often persecuted in Britain.
In Pennsylvania, it is important to note the Quakers lived there, a religious tolerant group of individuals led by William Penn. The colony was opened to all Christians, and treated Native Americans well while taking an active role in Church activities.
Describe the headright system.
Settlers who came to Jamestown were granted fifty acres of land to farm. Those who had been there since 1616 were granted 100 acres of land.
Describe the Stono rebellion
An Armed slave resistance rebellion, killing nine whites and several more being wounded. It took place in South Carolina and were led by 20 slaves who were headed to Spanish Florida, where they were promised freedom.
The consequences of this rebellion include a more restrictive system being put into place. Another result is the Negro Act of 1740 which tightened the control slave owners had over their slaves and strictly enforced the restrictions that were already in place.
Describe the two most profound group of New England colonies.
The pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact in 1620 was the first written agreement for self-government in the colonies, allowing individuals to choose their own leaders and laws. The pilgrims faced many struggles while first establishing the Plymouth colonies. These difficulties include inclement weather, starvation, and diseases that were spreading and deadly.
The Massachusetts Bay colony by New England was mainly funded and composed by Puritans who were suffering from religious oppression. Puritans did not separate church and states, having a theocratic (religion-based) government. These traditional, intolerance of other religious groups, led to the Salem Witch Trial where they prosecuted those colonists accused of witchcraft.
Describe chattel slavery.
As a result of Bacon's rebellion, the elite plantation owners no longer trusted indentured servants, leading to the shift of labor, introducing slavery. Chattel slavery means slaves being considered as personal property.This all resulted in a rise of racial intolerance, social inferiority and racial prejudice, especially as new laws were being placed on black slaves.
Describe New York and the Carolina's
New York, and the Carolinas. These were royal colonies governed directly by the king or queen. (Though most colonies ended up being royal colonies even though they started with a different form of government.)
Describe the House of Burgesses.
House of Burgesses, which was Virginia’s first legislative assembly of elected representatives. The representatives were wealthy businessmen who began passing legislation that allowed them to hoard supplies, extend terms of service, control tobacco exports and ensure they maintain power of laws and courts.
Describe the Dutch's colonization in America.
The middle colonies: the Dutch granted the land to the powerful British military and Dutch New Netherlands became British New York. Their economy was based on large-scale farming, manufacturing and commerce. The New Netherlands (New York) originally settled by the Dutch prospered through trading Fur with local Native Tribes. This inspired the Duchess formation of The Dutch West India company in 1621, establishing the colony’s primary settlement in New Amsterdam. England than took over the Dutch colonies, but because of Salutary Neglect, the Dutch continued its fur trade and normal business.
Describe Georgia.
Georgia. Given to Oglethorpe, a military leader, he saw this colony as a refuge for anyone in heavy debt. King George saw this colony as a buffer for the other colonies. Oglethorpe wanted to build a classless, moral society so he prohibited the sale of rum, and limited property ownership. Mots of these restrictions were lifted though because they slowed the economy and immigration.
Describe salutary neglect.
Relax the enforcement of strict colonial laws used by Britain. Britain essentially ignored colonists and allowed them to govern themselves through town meetings and colonial assemblies.