Taxation w/o Representation (1754 - 1774)
This 1763 British decree banned colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Proclamation of 1763
This 1777 battle was the first major Continental victory and the turning point that convinced France to formally ally with the Patriots.
The Battle of Saratoga
This 1786–1787 uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts veteran farmers exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation.
Shays' Rebellion
Washington's Secretary of the Treasury created the First Bank of the United States in 1791. Name him.
Alexander Hamilton
(Loyalist, Patriot, or Neutral) Boston, 1774. Thomas Hale is a printer's apprentice. He set the type for pamphlets attacking the Stamp Act, attends meetings of the Sons of Liberty, and was in the crowd on the night of the Boston Tea Party.
Patriot
2 Part Question: 1. This term describes Britain's policy, from about 1607 to 1763, of loosely enforcing trade laws like the Navigation Acts. 2. Name one effect this had on the colonies.
This Prussian officer drilled the starving Continental Army into a professional force at Valley Forege.
Fredrich Wilhelm von Steuben
This Enlightenment thinker's idea of dividing government power among separate branches shaped the Constitution.
Montesquieu
2 Part Question: (a) In 1798, French diplomats demanded a bribe before they would negotiate with American envoys. What was this scandal called? (b) What was an effect of this scandal?
(a) The XYZ Affair (b) The Quasi War
New York City, 1776. Reverend Charles Whitby is an Anglican minister. Part of his salary comes from the Church of England, he got his position through the royal governor.
Loyalist
2 part question: 1. Passed in 1766 this law said Parliament had the authority to make any law for the colonies, including taxes. 2. What law was repealed just before the law in Part 1?
1. The Declaratory Act
2. The Stamp Act
2 Parts: a. A law passed by British promising freedom to any enslaved person or indentured servant who fought for the British. b. Explain how this was either a political, religious, economic, or artistic attack on the colonists.
Under the Northwest Ordinance, how many residents did a territory need before it could apply for statehood, what labor system was banned there, and what must every town/county reserve land for?
60,000 residents; slavery was prohibited, a school
(a) In these 1798 resolutions, secretly written by Jefferson and Madison, two states declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional. (b) Explain what the Naturalization Act did why it was controversial
a. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. b. The Naturalization Act was controversial b/c it increased the time it took for a person to become a citizen and vote. This directly effected the base of support for the Dem-Rep. party.
Federalist or Anti-Federalist
a. Philadelphia, 1798. Benjamin Coxe is a wealthy merchant. He owns shares in the Bank of the United States, most of his trade goes through British ports, he holds federal bonds, and he reads about the Reign of Terror with horror.
b. Orange County, North Carolina, 1788. Elijah Hargrove farms about 100 acres of corn and tobacco with his sons and enslaves no one. He rarely sees gold or silver coin and pays most of his debts in crops and labor.
a. Federalist
b. Anti-Federalist
2 Parts: a. Identify TWO effects of the French and Indian War that pushed Britain to end salutary neglect. b. Explain why the British government thought the Stamp Act was a fair tax, and give the colonists main objection.
a. Britain's national debt doubled, Britain now had huge territory to defend, Pontiac's Rebellion showed that frontier conflict was imminent and expensive.
b. The money went toward defending the colonies, and colonists paid about 1 shilling a year in tax compared with about 26 shillings for the average Brit. Colonists objected b/c they had no direct representation in Parliament, which gave rise to "No taxation without representation."
Two Parts: (a) Name the 1775 petition the Second Continental Congress sent to Britain asking for reconciliation, and name the person who rejected it.
(b) Lexington & Concord and Bunker Hill had already been fought. Explain TWO reasons the elites in Congress still hesitated to declare independence.
(a) The Olive Branch Petition, rejected by King George III.
(b) Any two: most delegates still considered themselves loyal British subjects; they hoped the king would step in and settle the conflict between the colonies and Parliament; as wealthy elites, they feared that a full revolution would unleash "the rabble" and challenge the social hierarchy
(a) Compare the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan: how was each legislature structured, and how was each state represented?
(b) Explain how the Connecticut (Great) Compromise resolved the conflict, including how members of each house were originally chosen.
a) The Virginia Plan (Madison) proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, which favored large states. The New Jersey Plan (Paterson) proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, which favored small states.
(b) Roger Sherman's compromise created a bicameral Congress. In the House of Representatives, seats were based on population and members were elected by voters. In the Senate, every state got two senators, chosen by state legislatures.
a) Give Hamilton's constitutional argument FOR the First Bank and Jefferson and Madison's argument AGAINST it.
(b) Southern states resented paying off Northern states' debts. What deal won their support for Hamilton's plan to assume state debts?
(a) For: the "Necessary and Proper" Clause allows Congress to create a bank to carry out its powers to tax and borrow (loose construction). Against: a bank is not mentioned in the Constitution, so that power belongs to the states (Madison, strict construction, 10th Amendment). Critics also called the bank an institution for the elite (Jefferson).
(b) The national capital was moved south to the Potomac River, where it became Washington, D.C.
One man, two Eras
The Man: Orange County, North Carolina, 1788. Elijah Hargrove farms about 100 acres of corn and tobacco with his sons and enslaves no one. He rarely sees gold or silver coin and pays most of his debts in crops and labor.
(a) (Patriot, Loyalist, or Neutral): In 1775: Several people he enslaved fled to British lines after Dunmore's Proclamation. The Proclamation of 1763 also blocked his plans to speculate on land in the Ohio Valley.
(b) (Fed vs. Dem-Rep) In 1796: He is furious that the Jay Treaty lets British merchants collect his pre-war debts while giving no compensation for the enslaved people the British carried off. He sells tobacco to France and believes America should stay a nation of farmers.
a. Patriot
d. Democratic Republican
a. The Tea Act gave the British East India Company a monopoly on shipping and selling tea. That cut colonial merchants out of the trade and undercut smugglers of Dutch tea. b. The Coercive Acts of 1774, Provisions: Closing Port of Boston, preventing colonists from putting royal officials on trial in colonies, taking away power of MA colonial gov't, increasing troop quartering in Boston. c. Extends the boarders of Quebec providence into Ohio River Valley, the land the colonists believed they won in the F&I War. The Great Awakening normalized challenging authority and created a commoners vs. elite distinction in society.
(a) Identify TWO weaknesses of the British Army during the Revolution.
(b) Identify a major weakness of the Continental Army during the Revolution.
(c) Explain how the Siege of Yorktown took advantage of one of those weaknesses.
(d) Give ONE territorial outcome of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
(a) Any two: fighting 3,000 miles from home; long, slow supply lines; the need for decisive victories; war fatigue at home.
(b) Lack of funding, Lack of training, Lack of pay, Lack of a Navy
(c) Cornwallis waited at Yorktown for resupply and reinforcement by sea. The French navy cut off that route while French and Continental troops trapped him on land, so he surrendered.
(d) Treaty outcomes: the U.S. gained land west to the Mississippi River, or Spain got Florida back.
(a) Identify THREE provisions in the Constitution that dealt with slavery.
(b) Explain why Northern delegates agreed to these provisions.
(c) The Northwest Ordinance banned slavery, yet the Constitution protected it. Explain how BOTH documents still protected slaveholders' interests, and what this shows about regional attitudes toward slavery in 1787.
(a) The Three-Fifths Compromise (60% of the enslaved population counted toward a state's representation); the slave trade could continue until 1808; the Fugitive Slave Clause (escaping to a free state did not make an enslaved person free).
(b) Southern states were economically powerful and threatened to walk out of the Convention. Without them, there would be no union.
(c) Both documents required that people who escaped slavery be returned to their enslavers. This shows a growing regional divide, with the North and the territories moving to restrict slavery, while the national government still protected slaveholders' property claims as the price of union.
(a) Compare Shays' Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion: what caused each one, and how was each put down?
(b) Explain what the difference in how they were suppressed shows about the change from the Articles to the Constitution.
(c) Explain why Democratic-Republicans criticized Washington's response, and connect the whiskey rebels' complaints and tactics to colonial protests of the 1760s.
(a) Shays' Rebellion was caused by state taxes, debts, and farm evictions in Massachusetts, and a hastily assembled state militia put it down. The Whiskey Rebellion was caused by a federal excise tax on whiskey, which frontier farmers relied on as their main export. Washington led about 13,000 troops, scattered the rebels, captured the leaders, and later pardoned them.
(b) Under the Articles there was no national army, so a state had to defend itself. Under the Constitution, the federal government could both tax citizens and enforce its laws with force.
(c) Democratic-Republicans saw it as tyranny: a government attacking its own citizens, and Washington being controlled by the Federalists. The rebels argued the excise was exactly the kind of internal tax Patriots had fought against with the Stamp Act, and they used similar tactics, such as intimidating tax collectors and taking control of the countryside.
Three people. Give their allegiance and explain what was the single most decisive clue.
(a) Salem, North Carolina, 1777. Brother Johann Krause is a Moravian farmer. His church forbids swearing oaths and bearing arms, he pays a special tax instead of serving in the militia, and he sells grain to whichever army comes through.
(b) Ohio River Valley, 1776. A Shawnee village leader has watched Virginia settlers pour across the 1763 Proclamation Line. British agents at Detroit supply his people with trade goods and gunpowder.
(c) New York City, 1796. Daniel Moore is a shipwright. He proudly marched in the 1788 parade celebrating the Constitution. Since then, British seizures of American ships have wrecked his business, and he joined a crowd that burned an ephagy of John Jay.
a. Neutral. Pacifism
b. Loyalist, Native who supports Proc of 1763
c. Dem-Rep, Anger at John Jay