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A railroad linking the East and West Coasts of North America. Completed in 1869. Facilitated the flow of migrants and development of economic connections between the West and East
Transcontinental Railroad
An 1887 act that ended federal recognition of tribal sovereignty and divided American Indian land into 160 acre parcels to be distributed to American Indian heads of households to promote assimilation.
Dawes Act
The purposeful separation of people into ethnic or racial groups. Actively perpetuated and enforced through 'Black codes' and Jim Crow-era legislation that persisted into the latter half of the 20th century
Segregation
The output of all goods and services produced each year.
Gross Domestic Product
Organized group of workers, who, through power in numbers and collective efforts, seek to secure and improve the pay, benefits, and working conditions from their employers.
Labor Union
A popular metaphor for immigrant assimilation into American society. According to this ideal, despite their varied cultures and differences, all immigrants underwent a similar process of Americanization that produced a homogenous society
Melting Pot
Term created by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner to describe the late nineteenth century. It implies the glittering appearance of the era was a shell that covered the corruption and materialism of the superrich.
Gilded Age
A type of urban political organization that dominated many late-nineteenth-century cities. Provided the organization and funding needed to provide services to the urban poor, but they also fostered corruption, crime and inefficiency.
Political Machine
First subway opens, in Boston, in what year
1897
Granted free 160-acre lots to western settlers, on condition that they live on and farm their land for at least five years, as an incentive for western migration
Homestead Act of 1862
A Black cavalryman, many of whom had been previously enslaved, who fought against American Indians in the 1870s and 1880s
Buffalo Soldier
A common tactic in southern states to disenfranchise poor, mostly Black voters by charging a fee to cast a ballot.
Poll Tax
A negative term applied to late nineteenth century industrialists and capitalists who became very rich by dominating large industries while employing low-cost-labor alongside new money-saving technologies.
Robber baron
Workers collectively, rather than individually, negotiated work contracts
Collective Bargaining
The belief that religious or culturally diverse foreigners pose a serious danger to the nation's society and culture.
Nativism
French for 'let do' Advocates believed the marketplace should be left to regulate itself, claiming that by allowing individuals to pursue their own self-interest without any government restraint or interference, the market would produce a natural balance.
Laissez-Faire
New York City's political machine during the nineteenth century. The term became a byword for political corruption and favoritism
Tammany Hall
What decade were Jim Crow laws prevalent in the South?
1890s
A territory between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains characterized by flat topography and a drier climate, consisting mainly of prairie and grassland. Much of this region was acquired by the United States through the Louisiana Purchase
Great Plains
A major battle in the Montana Territory in which Colonel Custer and all of his troops were killed by the Lakota Sioux in 1876. This was the last major victory of the Lakota in their attempt to defend their lands from US encroachment
Battle of Little Bighorn
Any late-nineteenth-century state or local law that established legal segregation in the South. Enacted in the South, helping ensure the social and economic disfranchisement of southern Black people.
Jim Crow Laws
An organizational technique used by a company to gain control over all steps in the production of a product.
Vertical Integration
A strike by workers against the Pullman race car company in 1894, which expanded to a broader railroad strike American Railway Union workers refused to handle any trains with Pullman cars
Pullman Strike
A multifamily apartment building that housed many poor urban dwellers at the turn of the 20th century. Crowded, uncomfortable and dangerous places.
Tenements
A religious movement that advocated the application and Christian teachings to social and economic problems. Inspired many progressive reformers but were largely ineffectual, as their reforms sought to change the individual rather than larger social structures and their impact
Social Gospel
Farmers' Alliance
How many people immigrated to the US between 1875-1899?
10 million people
An organization founded in 1867 to meet the practical economic, social, and cultural needs of farmers. They advocated for for the use of farm cooperatives and took an active role in the promotion of the economic and political interests of farmers during the 1870s.
Grange Movement
The first major discovery of silver ore in the United States, and it led to a rush for silver in the West on par with the gold rush in California in 1859.
Comstock Lode
A Supreme Court ruling in 1896 that upheld the legality of Jim Crow legislation. legalized 'separate but equal' facilities for white and Black people.
Plessy v Ferguson
A law enacted in 1890 banning monopolies and business practices that restrained free trade or fixed prices in interstate and foreign commerce. This act was the first congressional legislation to address the problems of trusts
Sherman Antitrust Act
A labor union founded in 1869 that aimed to unite all workers under a single national union that would be powerful enough to challenge the power of corporate capitalists. Not limiting themselves to pay, benefits, and working conditions, the organization became politically active and sought broader social changes.
Knights of Labor
A community center started by urban reformers in the late-nineteenth century. Organizers resided in the institutions they created and more often female, middle-class, and college educated.
Settlement Houses
An essay by Andrew Carnegie published in 1889 in which he argued the rich should act as guardians of society through the wealth they earned. Carnegie advocated that the wealthy generate programs to uplift intelligent self-starters by using their surplus income for the benefit of the community, creating public libraries or community centers, rather than engaging in charity
Populists
What year did the transatlantic telegraph cable connect the United States to Europe?
1866
The Network of railroads would not have been possible without the
Land grants provided to the railroads by the US Government
A religious ritual performed by the America Indians in the late nineteenth century. They believed performing the ritual would cause the white people to disappear and allow American Indians to regain control of their lands.
Ghost Dance
A labor rally in Chicago in 1896 that resulted in violence, including the death of several police officers. The carnage was blamed on the supposedly radical nature of the labor movement and contributed to the demise of the Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
a management style developed by Frederick W Taylor that aimed to continually improve the efficiency of employees by reducing manual labor to its simplest components.
Scientific Management
A socialist labor organization that grew out of the activities of the Western Federation of Miners in the 1890s and was formed by Eugene V. Debs
Industrialist Workers of the World (IWW)
A belief that human society should be governed by the same principles of the natural selection and survival of the fittest. Often employed to justify economic inequality, racism, imperialism, and hostility to federal government regulation
Social Darwinism
A severe economic downturn triggered by railroad and bank failures. The severity of the depression, combined with the failure of the federal government to offer an adequate response for half a decade, led to a realignment of American politics
Panic of 1893
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
What year did the Great Chicago Fire occur
1871