Farm Life
A contract in which poor farmers were granted access to farm small plots of land in exchange for giving a portion of the crop yield back to the landowner, often resulted in farmers being financially indebted and tied to the landowner
Sharecropping
What are two (of the three) greatest technological developments that changed life and society in the 1800s?
Development/expansion of the Railroad, the telegraph, large scale industrial manufacturing
Workers formed ___________ and used ______________ in an attempt to offset the power gap between themselves and the wealthy business owners.
labor unions, collective bargaining
What was the biggest political controversy argued over between common workers and industrialists in the 1800s?
Role and control of government over industry
What were two challenges labor unions faced that made them less effective?
Unfair reputations for being corrupt or violent, unfairly being blamed for violent incidents like the Haymarket riot, poor leadership, government generally siding with business / shutting down strikes
What was the goal or vision for "The New South"?
The South would become more industrialized like the North.
How did industrial capitalists increase their power during the 1800s?
Consolidating their power into large corporations
What are three things that labor unions advocated / fought against?
Long hours, poor pay, unsafe working conditions, and child labor
This philosophy promoted by Andrew Carnegie believed that wealthy individuals have a duty to return their fortunes to society by giving the middle class more constructive ways of filling their leisure time and creating avenues for expanding educational opportunities.
Gospel of Wealth
This group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers, opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, supported relief for debtors, and provided education to rural communities
The Grange Movement
French for hands off, this economic philosophy argued that government involvement would hinder growth of the economy
Laissez-Faire Economics
Borrowed from biology, the pseudoscientific belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
Social Darwinism
This late 1800s religious movement emphasized putting religious principles into practice in society and advocating for the urban poor
The Social Gospel
What three key developments fueled westward expansion in the later half of the 1800s?
Homesteading Acts, Expansion/Investment/Subsidizing of the Railroad, Gold and Silver Rushes
What is one complimentary and one disparaging term used to describe industrial capitalist leaders in the 1800s?
Captains of Industry / Robber Barons
Most immigrants settled in _____________ and looked for work in _______________
Led by 'bosses', these corrupt political organizations controlled the political climate in urban environments by rewarding political favors and loyalty for sought after government positions and social services.
Political Machines
What are two challenges facing farmers during the gilded age?
Mechanization of farming resulted in a drop in prices that made it impossible for small farmers to turn a profit.
Larger farms were consolidating (buying out) smaller farms, making it even more difficult for smaller farms to compete.
Monopolies allowed railroads to charge unreasonable shipping prices.
Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical integration
In horizontal integration, businesses buy out their competitors focusing on taking over one step of the production process in an attempt to gain a monopoly in that part of the supply chain.
In vertical integration, businesses buy out their competitors focusing on taking over a portion of every step of the supply chain in an attempt to be completely self-sufficient in the production process.
What were two reasons for the rise of nativism in the 1800s? (What were two reasons nativists feared immigrants?)
Nativists feared immigrants because they ...
... practiced different religions
... had different languages and cultures
... were willing to work for lower wages than were native-born workers,
... were not familiar with the United States political system
This political party / movement advocated for the rights of the common man by advocating for a stronger federal government role in the economy, workers having greater control over the factors of production, a graduated income tax, and a more free and fair ballot system
The Populist Party
What are three disagreements or challenges that caused conflict between Native Americans and the US government/citizens?
Repeatedly violated treaties, restrictions of tribal leadership's autonomy control of the land, destruction of cultural and tribal identities, Competition over resources/land, Destruction of the buffalo population