Unit 3
What era and who specifically influenced the colonists to revolt?
The Enlightenment Era in which influencers such as John Locke created ideals of natural rights.
What made Andrew Jackson's Presidency unique compared to others before him and what did it bring with?
Andrew Jackson became one of the first presidents who didn't come from a wealthy family rather being a self made man who worked for what he wanted. This led to instances where he aided in the fight for the rights of the more impoverished U.S. citizens and his use of executive power to challenge Congress and the Supreme Court.
What factors led to the North victory over the South?
The North had superior manufacturing of weapons, resources, and people compared to the South which led to their victory.
What was the Gilded Age in simple terms?
The general switch from Agriculture towards industrial development.
What ended by 1890 as there wasn't anything left to do as a result?
The end of westward expansion as settlements out west were fully complete.
What other Revolutions came up as a result of the American Revolution?
The Haitian Revolution and the French Revolution
Why did the War of 1812 begin and what did it create as a result?
The War began as a result of British interference within land and naval practices of the US such as interfering with US shipping and aiding the Natives to prevent expansion of the US in the North Western territory.
This would later aid and create the Monroe Doctrine which prevented European infringement of the Americas.
What factors caused the Civil War?
Deepening tensions through the slavery debate
- Free Soilers and Abolitionists heavily debated the expansion of slavery towards the west
Failed Compromises
- The compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Acts counter argued each other resulting in conflict through bleeding Kansas
Dred Scott Case
- Theoretically allowed slavery in the North as slave owners can still bring slaves as property up north
Election of 1860
- Lincoln's election caused controversy as he wasn't placed in any of the Ballots in the South
Who and what were the two most popular leaders/forms of monopoly development?
Andrew Carnegie - developed vertical integration which fixated steel production through controlling its production from mining to selling.
John D. Rockefeller - developed horizontal integration where he bought out or worked with other oil refineries or producers to control the oil market altogether.
What sparked the great Depression and how did it spread globally?
The US stock crash, followed by dust bowls form poor agriculture, and poor bank security led to the US to lose economy rapidly which expanded to foreign interest through the gold standard which was globally affected the rest of the world.
What were the parties created, who represented which side, and what did each side believe in?
The Federalists who supported ratification and a strong central government under Alexander Hamilton/John Adams.
The Democratic Republicans who supported a weaker central government and believed more in state's rights under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
What were the general developments that the Market Revolution created and what did they allow?
Innovations in transportation such as the creation of steamboats as early railroads and in information such as the invention of the telegraph.
Created regional developments between the North and South as the North went more towards industrial centers and industrial manufacturing while the South prioritized slave labor creating two distinct groups
Henry Clay's American System which unified the national bank towards protective tariffs and federal funding towards infrastructure.
What primarily caused social tensions during this era and why?
The rise of manifest destiny and expansion of land out west in order to gain land for the United States. This would influence social tensions as the North and South viewed each other with spite as the North wanted to expand and prevent slavery from expanding while the South wanted to expand slavery with the newly acquired land prompting each side to develop tension.
What was the issue of the Homestead Act and what did it cause to those who were affected?
The Homestead Act was a government financed response to the new land gains westward in order to develop the western frontier for agriculture. That being said the Act failed as those who migrated out west found the land uninhabitable for any crops they wished to grow.
What land masses did the US acquire during Imperialism and what Doctrine was broken as a result causing debates of imperialism?
The land masses of Hawaii and the Philippines were acquired through imperialism as a result of US colonization and conflict with Spain over the regions. this conflict broke the Monroe Doctrine as the US intervened in foreign affairs with the Spain controlled Philippines sparking debates of US foreign politics that Washington warned prior.
What was the root cause of American Revolution?
The over taxation without representation that Parliament Passed on the Colonies after the 7 Years War putting the British in debt.
Describe concepts that the Era of Good Feelings had on US society at the time.
The reentering of a one party system as the Federalists collapsed
The Marshall Court established Judicial review strengthening court power
Henry Clay's American System which structured tariffs to protect American companies and federal funding to public infrastructure
Adam Onis Treaty which acquired Florida from Spain
Developed social tensions between the North and South as new territories began to develop as the US grew during this era.
Did the end of slavery actually provide any economic or political independence of formerly enslaved Africans?
Generally the end of slavery provided very few benefits as some African Americans managed to stake a claim within US politics but for the most part, many freed Africans were placed under extreme debt by former owners resulting in similar situations as they were pre-civil war. Racial southerners also prevented African American access to political systems through Jim Crow laws and voting alteration in order to prevent Black voting rights.
What best explains a significant change in federal policy toward American Indians in the late 19th century, as represented by the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
The federal government shifted from a policy of isolating Native Americans on large reservations to one of forced assimilation and individual land ownership, losing any and all freedoms they had from treaties and prior Acts to this development.
What did the New Deal do to try to fix the Great Depression and what did it inspire in the decades following its implementation?
Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? (list 4 main reasons)
The system mainly failed as the government had practically no power to enforce laws creating a generally weak government.
There wasn't any power to tax the colonies at most they may only request funds
There weren't any other branches such as the Executive or Judicial branch which prevent the ability for a president to enforce laws and a court that would regulate legal disruptions.
There weren't any regulations towards commerce or economy as the there wasn't;t any centralized currency causing different regions to create different forms of currency resulting in a lack of tariffs or stable taxing
Any method towards fixing it within the Articles wasn't possible as it required all 13 states to accept terms for a change making the process strenuous and impossible for reform.
What did the Marshall Court cases provide for Andrew Jackson during his Presidency?
The Marshall Court strengthened national institutions and set precedents that Jackson selectively used (such as during the Nullification Crisis) despite his general agrarian, states'-rights ideology
The concept of popular sovereignty undermined the compromises as they themselves allowed for the voting of slavery over already prohibited land such as in bleeding Kansas which was above the Missouri Compromise line and resulted in violence showing that conflict was inevitable as they provided these "fixes"
How or why did some labor unions like the, Industrial Workers of the World or the American Railway Union form, what did they do, and what brought their end?
Labor unions formed as a result of factors such as hazardous working conditions in health and safety, poor pay as the work they did would not match the pay they get, and the amount of hours a person would have to work each day.
The labor unions would then work to establish possible changes for labor workers by garnering support of more workers and committing to activities such as protesting or boycotting work in order to attract attention to higher ups. While this would all commence labor unions would also distribute supplies to those who were impacted most or would be impacted by the boycotts to ensure unity through support.
The decline of these unions generally formed after government intervention, corporate tactics, and a shift in public opinion. Government intervention came as unions were forced to abide by the government through means such as executive directives or the government paying workers themselves rather than the union lessening the need for them. Higher ups also proved to lessen unions by mass firing of union workers and hiring new workers as job spaces developed, creating tensions between different groups in labor, and violently disrupting labor unions through private security. Public opinion played a role as well as the violence of unions grew, public opinion drew less attention towards joining and with the Red Scare taking affect, unions would also further decline as they were believed to be a breeding ground for communist ideals which at the time swayed public opinion against the unions.
What factors caused the 1900s-30s to be considered as the Lost Generation?
The generation at the time was a mass era of economic wealth and prosperity leading to cultural develops as instances such as prohibition and progressive movements brought people more connected but was lost as a result of the First World War and the Great Depression taking place afterwards leading to great mortality and loss of those societal norms.