Era 1 & 8
A Spanish priest who spoke out against the mistreatment of Native Americans and advocated for their rights during the early colonial period.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Colonies funded and run by investors who shared profits and losses from the venture. aka Corporate colonies
Joint Stock Company
A meeting of colonial representatives in 1765 to protest the British Stamp Act and assert colonial rights
Stamp Act Congress
A law passed by Jefferson that stopped all American trade with foreign countries, hurting the U.S. economy
Embargo Act (1807)
A land deal where the U.S. bought land from Mexico in 1854 to build a southern railroad
Gadsden Purchase
A business strategy where one company controls all steps of production for a product
Vertical integration
Overthrown by American planters and U.S. Marines in 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was the last monarch of this territory
Hawaii
A 1960 event where the Soviet Union shot down an American spy plane, and Eisenhower lied about it
U-2 Spy Plane incident
Colonies directly controlled by the British crown through appointed governors
Royal colonies
A British law stating that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”
Declaratory Act (1766)
The power of the Supreme Court to decide whether laws are constitutional
Judicial review
A political party that wanted to stop the spread of slavery into new western territories
Free-Soil Party
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld segregation, ruling “separate but equal” was constitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson
A U.S. policy that limited Cuba’s independence and gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs
Platt Amendment
A failed 1961 U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles trying to overthrow Fidel Castro
Bay of Pigs
Colonies granted by the British king to individuals or groups who had full governing rights
Proprietary colonies
A British order forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
Powers not written in the Constitution but suggested by the “necessary and proper” clause
Implied powers
A powerful Democratic political machine in New York City known for corruption and helping immigrants
Tammany Hall
A law that broke up Native American tribal lands to encourage them to assimilate into white society
Dawes Act of 1887
A Protestant minister who supported American imperialism and argued that Anglo-Saxons were destined to spread Christianity and civilization
Josiah Strong
Nixon’s top foreign policy advisor who helped end the Vietnam War and improve U.S. relations with China and the Soviet Union
Henry Kissinger
British laws that required American colonies to trade only with England using English ships
Navigation Acts
Benjamin Franklin’s 1754 proposal to unite the colonies for defense and governance, which was rejected; aka Franklin Plan of Union
Albany Plan
Belief that the government can only do what the Constitution specifically says it can
Strict interpretation
A treaty that settled the border between the U.S. and British Canada in the Northeast
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Historian Frederick Jackson Turner’s idea that the frontier shaped American democracy and character
Turner Thesis
A Filipino leader who fought first against Spain and later against the U.S. for Philippine independence
Emilio Aguinaldo
A 1950 secret government report that called for a massive U.S. military buildup to fight the spread of communism
NSC-68
An economic theory that a nation’s strength comes from controlling trade and accumulating wealth through colonies
Mercantilism
A British policy of loosely enforcing colonial laws, which allowed the colonies to govern themselves for a time
Salutary Neglect
A 1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review, after Adams had appointed a range of Federalist judges andJefferson fired em all the next day
Marbury v. Madison
A slogan used by Americans who wanted to take the entire Oregon Territory from Britain
Fifty-four Forty or Fight
A farmers' organization that pushed for laws to regulate railroads and grain storage prices
National Grange Movement
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to keep order
Roosevelt Corollary