Native American Societies
What crop was most important in the development of Native American civilizations?
Maize (corn)
What country sponsored Christopher Columbus’s voyage in 1492?
Spain
What system gave Spanish settlers control over Native labor in the Americas?
Encomienda system
What English colony failed in the 1580s and is called the "Lost Colony"?
Roanoke
What religion did most Spanish colonizers seek to spread?
Catholicism
Which region’s Natives built cliff dwellings and farmed in dry land?
Southwest (Ancestral Puebloans)
What was the main goal of early European explorers?
To find new trade routes and wealth
What religious order sought to convert Natives to Christianity in the Spanish colonies?
Catholic missionaries (Jesuits or Franciscans)
What river valley did the French explore and settle for fur trading?
St. Lawrence River
What was one major effect of European diseases on Native populations?
Massive population decline
What were the Native people of the Eastern Woodlands known for using in diplomacy and trade?
Wampum
What was the exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between Europe and the Americas called?
Columbian Exchange
What were Spanish colonists born in the Americas called?
Creoles
Who established Quebec for the French in 1608?
Samuel de Champlain
What type of economy was common among Native groups in the Great Plains?
Nomadic hunting of buffalo
What was the main form of social organization among most Native groups before European arrival?
Kinship or tribal groups
What Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernán Cortés
What 1680 event saw Pueblo Natives temporarily drive the Spanish out of New Mexico?
Pueblo Revolt
What was the main economic focus of the French in the Americas?
Fur trade
How did Native and European views of land ownership differ?
Natives saw land as communal; Europeans as private property
What was the name of the powerful alliance of Native tribes in present-day New York?
Iroquois Confederacy
What is the name of the economic theory where nations try to gain wealth by controlling trade and colonies?
Mercantilism
What was the name of the mixed-race population of Spanish and Native ancestry?
Mestizos
Why did English colonization lag behind Spain’s in the 1500s?
Internal conflict and religious change (e.g., Protestant Reformation)
What animal, introduced by Europeans, transformed Native life on the Great Plains?
Horse
How did most Natives in North America get their food before contact with Europeans?
Hunting, gathering, and limited agriculture
What was the term for the journey enslaved Africans took across the Atlantic Ocean?
Middle Passage
What was the main purpose of Spanish missions in the Americas?
To convert Native Americans to Christianity
What English document in 1215 influenced colonial ideas of limited government?
Magna Carta
How did African slavery differ from Native slavery in the Americas?
African slavery was permanent and hereditary; Native slavery was not