Period 1
What is the encomienda system?
Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
How did New England colonies differ economically from Southern Chesapeake Bay colonies?
New England focused on trade, lumber, fishing, and small farms; the Southern colonies relied on large plantations and cash crops like tobacco and rice.
Explain salutary neglect:
This was Britain’s unofficial policy of loosely enforcing colonial laws and trade regulations in the 1600s–1700s. Because the British government didn’t strictly control the colonies, the colonies were able to govern themselves, develop their own economies, and create local political institutions.
What was the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
Maine was admitted as a free state to keep the balance in the Senate.
Slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Territory.
Law passed by Andrew Jackson forcing Native Americans off their lands, leading to the Trail of Tears.
What does the Declaration of Independence say about slavery?
NOTHING, Thomas Jefferson tried to blame the King for it but the Southern colonies took it out.
Corn: Provides a tall, sturdy stalk for climbing beans.
Beans: Climb the corn, while fixing nitrogen in the soil to fertilize all three plants.
Squash: Sprawls along the ground with large, spiny leaves that shade the soil, reducing water evaporation and preventing weeds.
What were the main economic goals of the French colonies compared to the English colonies?
French colonies focused on fur trading, while English colonies focused on farming cash crops and settling land.
Name and explain an act that angered the colonists against imperial authority:
Sugar Act of 1764, Stamp Act of 1765, Quartering Act of 1765, Tea Act of 1773, Townshend Act of 1767, etc.
List any event that occurred under the Jeffersonian administration:
Louisiana Purchase (1803): The U.S. bought a huge territory from France, doubling the size of the country.
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806): Explored the newly acquired western lands and mapped routes to the Pacific.
Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established the principle of judicial review, strengthening the Supreme Court.
Embargo Act (1807): A law that banned trade with foreign nations to avoid war, but it hurt the U.S. economy.
What was the Gag Rule?
The Gag Rule was a rule adopted by the U.S. House of Representatives that automatically tabooed or “tabled” any discussion or petitions about slavery without hearing them.
Name an effect of the Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas (New World) and the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia).
Revolutionized global agriculture and diets, while causing catastrophic population declines in the Americas due to introduced diseases like smallpox
How did French and English colonies differ in their relations with Native Americans?
The French generally formed alliances, intermarried, and traded with Native Americans, while the English desired to stay separate- displacing or fighting them.
What was Washington's foreign policy?
Remaining neutral in European wars, especially between Britain and France.
mpressment of American sailors: Britain forced U.S. sailors to serve in the British navy.
Interference with American trade: Britain blockaded and restricted U.S. trade with France during the Napoleonic Wars.
British support for Native Americans: Britain aided Native American resistance against U.S. westward expansion.
“War Hawks” in Congress: Young members of Congress pushed for war to defend national honor and possibly expand territory.
Basically nothing.
Name an effect of maize cultivation:
- Increased Population: Allowed for food surplus which increases population
- Complex Societies: Higher population frees more people up from having to be farmers- artisans, scholars, priests, etc.
Name and explain a social movements in colonial America that influenced ideas, beliefs, or society.
Enlightenment: A movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights, which encouraged people to question authority and think critically.
Great Awakening: A religious revival that swept through the colonies, encouraging emotional faith, challenging traditional church authority, and promoting ideas of equality and personal choice in religion.
Name a cause AND effect of the French and Indian War?
Cause: Britain and France fought over control of land and trade in North America, especially the Ohio River Valley.
Effect: Britain won the war, gaining control of French territory in North America. Britain in debt, which led to increased taxes on the colonies and eventually colonial anger. Proclamation line of 1763.
Provide context for the slogan: "54' 40 or fight!"
Associated with James K. Polk during the 1844 presidential campaign and used by American expansionists in the 1840s who wanted the United States to claim all of the Oregon Territory from Britain.
What led to the annexation of Tejas, and why was it controversial?
Cause: American settlers moved to Texas (then part of Mexico) and eventually rebelled against the Mexican government, winning independence in 1836. Wanted to be a part of the US but the US refused "for now".
Controversy: The U.S. debated annexation because Texas would enter as a slave state, upsetting the balance between free and slave states and angering Mexico.
Name and explain evidence of European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World:
- Christopher Columbus: to find new trade routes and claim lands. These voyages mapped unknown territories and opened the way for colonization.
- Hernán Cortés: Conquered the Aztec Empire
- Francisco Pizarro: Conquered the Inca Empire
- Economic Exploitation: Europeans exploited natural resources, like gold, silver, and cash crops, showing their goal to profit from these new lands.
Name and explain an example of Native resistance to European colonization
King Philip’s War (1675–1676): Native Americans in New England, led by Metacom (King Philip), fought English settlers over land and cultural pressures.
Pueblo Revolt (1680): Pueblo people in New Mexico rebelled against Spanish rule and forced religious conversion, successfully driving the Spanish out for over a decade.
What was the significance of the Bill of Rights?
It protected individual liberties and addressed Anti-Federalist concerns about government power. Allowed the Constitution to be ratified.
Explain the idea of a Benevolent Empire and provide an example.
Protestant reform movements in the early 1800s (mainly in New England) that aimed to moralize society.
Temperance, abolitionism, prison reform, education, women's rights
Name two US presidents who gained major aura from failed assassination attempts on their lives.
Andrew Jackson & Theodore Roosevelt