Period 1
What were the 3 primary motivations to explore?
1. GOD (missionaries explore to spread their faith)
2. GOLD (money and riches; take things to make things to sell things to make more money)
3. GLORY (lower status people had the opportunity to go to the Americas, make a colony, and go up in status)
What is the separation of powers? Who came up with it?
-The separation of powers is the split of power in the government so that one group has authority over the other.
-Baron de Montesquieu
-Legislative Branch-creation of laws (Congress)
-Executive Branch-enforcement of laws (President)
-Judicial Branch-interpretation of laws (Supreme Court)
What was the First Party System? What were the two sides?
-First Party System (Jay Treaty of 1785): agreement to settle disputes between American and Great Britain that were not completely settled in the Treaty of Paris
-Antifederalists (Democratic Republicans or Jeffersonians)
-Federalists
What was American sectionalism?
-there was growing division between the North and South
-North (abolitionists)
-South (anti-abolitionists/pro-slavery)
What happened during the mid-19th century sectionalism in the United States?
-the Compromise of 1850 was signed to have peace in America
-Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 cancels the Compromise
-Bleeding Kansas
-Democratic Party vs. Whig Party
-slavery was heavily debated
-Republican Party arises
What colonies did the ENGLISH, DUTCH, and FRENCH have?
English (England)-established the colonies in America (ex: Virginia Colony)
Dutch (Netherlands)-New Amsterdam
French (France)-Great Lakes region
What were the three colonies (names of current states in the United States)? What form of government were each of the colonies under?
1. Virginia Colony (colonial representative assembly/general assembly)
2. Carolina Colony (limited oligarchy)
3. Georgia Colony (experimental form of government granted by King George II)
What did the United States do to create a stable government?
-The Articles of Confederation
-The United States Constitution
-Forming the Legislature
-The Great Compromise
-checks and balances
-Bill of Rights
What was the Second Party System? Who was involved?
-Democratic Republicans become the Democratic Party
-the Whig Party is the polar opposite to the Democratic Party
What happened during the Third Party System?
-Dred Scott trial
-John Brown's raid
-election of 1860 (Lincoln becomes president
-South starts to secede
What did the Old and New World trade with each other?
Old to New: wheat, rice, coffee, sugar, domesticated animals
New to Old: cacao, tobacco, potatoes (regular and sweet), corn
What was the response of the colonists on the British Crown authority?
-heavily resisted (resisted paying taxes, Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere-led to the start of the Revolutionary War)
-all the colonies agreed that they were being wronged (brought a sense of unity between the colonies/colonists)
What were the 6 things that George Washington proposed to encourage peace for Americans with the Native Americans?
What was the Market Revolution?
-shift of businesses from artisans (hand-made) to factory system production
-mainly occurred in the North because the South refused to change their lifestyle
Why did the South secede from the United States?
-they wanted to preserve slavery and did not want to change to the ways of the North
-became the Confederate States of America (North became the Union)
-directions (true-north compass and astrolabe)
-ships (caravel and stern-post rudders)
-scientific (westerlies and portolan map)
What were the main values of the European Enlightenment?
-influenced by the Scientific Revolution
-emphasis on reason and inherent potential of individuals to run their own lives
-favored things that people can physically see, touch, etc.
Describe the social changes towards slavery and women.
SLAVERY
-abolitionism: some colonists wanted to get rid of slavery, but other wanted to keep slavery because it helped gain money and was effective
-Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 (required any white American who finds a run away slave to send them back to their owner)
WOMEN
-Abigail Adams (talks about women being suppressed in jobs, education, and politics)
-women in New Jersey had suffrage, but it did not last long
-Judith Murray (writes "On the Equality of the Sexes" to show the lack of educational opportunity for women)
-Republican Motherhood (women should be educated to educate their kids about America and life)
What was 19th century romanticism?
-counter movement to the Enlightenment
-promotes feeling, emotion, and passion
-seen in music or art
-in America, romanticism focused on the individual and idea of intuition (influenced by the Second Great Awakening)
-transcendentalism (first unique intellectualism movement in America)-everyone has an innate inner truth
What happened during the Reconstruction Era?
-3 amendments were passed (13th-no more slavery, 14th-people born/naturalized gets citizenship and equal protection under the law, 15th-prohibits voter discrimination over race)
What were the three levels of the hierarchy in the Spanish Maritime Empire that led to tensions?
1. Penisulares
2. Criollos
3. Mestizos
What are four of the acts the British Crown enforced on the colonists? What was their response?
1. Sugar Act (taxes on sugar and molasses)
2. Stamp Act (taxes on paper printed documents)
3. Quartering Act (colonists were forced to house the soldiers that came to regulate the colonies)
4. Townshend Act (main tax is on tea, but taxed many other things)
-colonists harassed the tax collectors because they refused to pay the taxes which led to the Red Coats spectating the life in the colonies
Explain major points of the American Revolutionary War.
-Battle of Bunker Hill
-Declaration of Independence
-General George Washington defeats General William Howe
-camp followers/spinning bees
-Battle of Trenton
-Battle of Saratoga
-France and colonies signs the Treaty of Alliance (Spain later signs the treaty as well)
-Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783
What happened during the Second Great Awakening?
-Protestant religious revival during the 19th century
-focused on romanticism, the individual relationship and connection with God, and intuition
-Methodists and Baptists were introduced as new denominations
-Shakers and Unitarians
-First-Wave Feminism
Describe the major points of the American Civil War?
-Union beat the Confederates
-Emancipation Proclamation
-Confederates did well, but lost at Gettysburg and Vicksburg-Mississippi River and lost hope