Exploration & Early Colonization
What were the three main motivations for European exploration?
Gold, Glory, God
This document, signed by Pilgrims in 1620, established a form of self-government
The Mayflower Compact, 1620
How did the French and Indian War contribute to rising tensions between Britain and the colonies?
Britain’s war debt led to new taxes on colonists, and colonists resented restrictions on westward expansion
How did Jefferson's presidency reflect both a strict and loose interpretation of the Constitution?
He opposed loose interpretation but used it to justify the Louisiana Purchase
This 1846–1848 war was a result of Manifest Destiny and resulted in large land gains for the U.S
The Mexican American War
What term describes the belief in "survival of the fittest" applied to business and society?
Social Darwinism
What were the goals of the Progressive movement?
To address problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption
What term describes the U.S. strategy of preventing the spread of communism?
Containment
What caused the rise of conservatism in the late 1970s?
Reaction to liberal social changes, economic stagnation, and distrust in government (Watergate, Vietnam)
How did Southern states try to undermine the 15th Amendment?
Through poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and violence/intimidation
What crop was most significant to the development of complex Native American societies in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest?
Maize
The Middle Colonies were known for this key trait that differentiated them from the other regions
Religious & Ethnic diversity
The First Continental Congress met in response to these punitive measures passed after the Boston Tea Party.
Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts)
Jackson promoted the expansion of this principle, giving more white men the right to vote.
Universal Male Suffrage
What 1857 Supreme Court case ruled that African Americans could not be citizens and that Congress couldn’t ban slavery in the territories?
Dred Scott v. Sandford
What was a common tactic employers used against striking workers?
hiring strikebreakers (scabs) or using blacklists/lockouts
What 1898 war marked the beginning of U.S. imperial power?
Spanish American War
What industry was blacklisted heavily during the Second Red Scare?
What 1980s movement focused on promoting traditional moral values in politics?
Religious Right or Moral Majority
What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?
To ensure equal trading rights in China for all nations
What was the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and culture between the Old World and the New World?
The Columbian Exchange
This 1676 rebellion by poor former indentured servants in Virginia revealed tensions over land and labor.
Bacon's Rebellion
What advantages did the American colonists have in fighting the British?
knowledge of land, guerilla tactics, foreign aid (France), and ideological motivation
The Second Great Awakening led to the rise of what kinds of movements? (Identify 3 movements)
social and moral reform movements (abolition, temperance, women's rights)
What political party was formed in the 1850s to oppose the expansion of slavery?
The Republican Party
Where did most "New Immigrants" come from in the late 1800s?
Southern and Eastern Europe
Why didn’t the U.S. join the League of Nations?
The Senate opposed it, fearing it would entangle the U.S. in future wars?
What event in Alabama highlighted voter suppression and led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
Selma to Montgomery march (Bloody Sunday)
How did U.S. foreign policy shift after 9/11?
a focus on counterterrorism and unilateral military action (e.g., War on Terror)
How did Malcolm X’s philosophy differ from MLK’s?
Malcolm X emphasized Black self-defense and separatism, while MLK promoted nonviolent integration
What system gave Spanish settlers control over Native labor in exchange for supposed protection and Christianization?
Encomienda System
What two European powers competed most with the British for control of North America in Period 2?
France & Spain
What were two major differences between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
Federalists supported strong central government; Anti-Federalists wanted states’ rights and protections of liberty
How did the rise of factory work impact the lives of working-class Americans?
Created wage labor, longer hours, poor conditions, and new class divisions
What advantages did the Union have in the Civil War?
Larger population, more industry, better transportation, stronger navy, and established government
What was the primary goal of the Populist Party (People’s Party)?
represent the interests of farmers and laborers against big business
What caused the Great Depression? (Name at least one factor.)
Stock market crash, overproduction, banking failures, or uneven wealth distribution -- overproduction, underconsumption, overspeculation
What book by Betty Friedan sparked the modern feminist movement?
The Feminine Mystique?
How did immigration patterns shift in the late 20th and early 21st centuries?
an increase in immigrants from Latin America and Asia
How did racial discrimination persist despite Reconstruction amendments?
Jim Crow laws, segregation, and voter suppression like literacy tests and poll taxes
Describe a long-term effect of European colonization on Native American population and culture.
What is population loss due to disease, loss of land, cultural blending or erasure, forced assimilation, etc.?
Colonial assemblies like the Virginia House of Burgesses represented what kind of political tradition?
Representative Government
How did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions challenge federal authority?
They argued states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws
What impact did the Market Revolution have on gender roles?
rise of the "cult of domesticity" and separate spheres for men and women
What was the purpose of Radical Reconstruction?
To enforce civil rights and restructure Southern society through military occupation and legal protections
How did educational opportunities change during the Gilded Age?
Public schools expanded, especially elementary education, and more colleges were founded
What was the purpose of Executive Order 9066?
It authorized the internment of Japanese Americans
What was the counterculture of the 1960s known for rejecting?
traditional values, materialism, and conformity
What role did outsourcing play in the U.S. economy?
it shifted jobs overseas to reduce costs, affecting American manufacturing and labor
What federal law, passed in 1890, aimed to limit monopolies?
Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890