Early American Civilizations
This was the geographic formation that allowed the populating of the Americas.
What is the Bering Strait land bridge?
This was the name of the organization that founded the first permanent British colony in North America.
What is the Virginia Company?
This colony served as a haven for English Catholics.
What is Maryland?
This process involved the exchange of rum, enslaved people, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies.
What is triangular trade?
This transatlantic transfer of crops, animals, peoples, and diseases after 1492 reshaped world economies and societies and led to massive demographic changes, including the death of millions of Indigenous Americans.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This process began in central Mexico and marked a transitional point for Native American cultures.
What is settled agriculture/maize cultivation?
(**DAILY DOUBLE**) This was the primary source of labor for the Chesapeake colonies for the greater part of the 17th century.
What are indentured servants?
This class of people represented the largest percentage of whites in the southern colonies.
What is poor/lower class farmers?
This group far outpaced other minority groups in terms of population growth in the colonies during the 18th century.
Who are Black/African Americans or African enslaved people?
This Spanish colonial labor system granted settlers the right to extract forced labor and tribute from Indigenous populations, leading to widespread exploitation and laying the groundwork for later systems of oppression.
What is the Encomienda System?
(**DAILY DOUBLE**) This native American group formed a defensive confederacy in the 16th century to resist European influence.
Who are the Iroquois?
This was the first representative assembly in the English colonies.
What is the Virginia House of Burgesses?
This was the most ethnically and religiously diverse colonial region.
What are the middle colonies?
These two Protestant denominations grew tremendously as a result of the First Great Awakening.
What are Baptists & Methodists?
This Spanish friar became the first major critic of Indigenous enslavement in the Americas, publicly advocating for reforms and publishing A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552.
Who is Bartolomé de las Casas?
This was the name of the group of Native Americans Columbus encountered on his initial voyage to the Americas.
Who were the Arawaks/Taino?
This trustee wanted Georgia to serve as a haven for debtors and have high moral standards.
Who is James Oglethorpe?
(**DAILY DOUBLE**) This was the primary Protestant affiliation of most Southern colonists.
What is Anglicanism?
This British preacher helped popularize the Methodist church in the colonies.
Who is George Whitefield?
This alliance of Native American nations in what is now New York unified multiple tribes under the Great Law of Peace and served as a model for federal unity and diplomacy among Europeans.
What is the Iroquois Confederacy?
This was the name of the uprising of Native Americans in 1680 against the Spanish colonizers near modern-day New Mexico.
What is Pope's Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt?
The outcome of this conflict completely ended Native American resistance in New England.
What is King Philip's War?
The Zenger case in New York paved the way for this future constitutional protection.
What is freedom of the press?
Indentured servitude had diminished in the colonies by the mid-18th century in Virginia because of what significant historical event?
What is Bacon's Rebellion?
Passed in Maryland in 1649, this law granted religious freedom to Trinitarian Christians, but excluded Jews, Unitarians, and other dissenters, setting an early limit on colonial religious tolerance.
What is the Act of Toleration?