Thomas Jeffersons' presidency
Explain the political debate between the Federalists and Republicans.
A huge political debate over the nature of centralized power and whether or not liberty could exist if a federal government was allowed to dictate citizens and their states rights. Federalists called for national and economic unity to lead America to a more industrialized future while Republicans called for states independence and believed yeoman farmers were a perfect model to lead America to a bright future.
Explain the war of 1812.
After Thomas Jefferson imposed the Embargo Act of 1807 to fight British impressment tensions continued to rise eventually leading to the war of 1812. More tensions were added due to the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair whenever the Leopard (British ship) attacked the Chesapeake.
Describe the industrial revolution
Created massive change in how people discovered and used energy to make life easier and more efficient. New innovations=increase human efficiency=mechanized and commercial productivity.
effects: Mass production of goods, regional product specialization (different regions known for different things), demand for slave laborers, increased migration and immigration.
Describe the annexation of Texas
In 1824, Mexico invited Americans to settle in its northern frontier (Texas) after it gained its independence. Those who did end up settling there for land to produce agriculture had to become catholic, follow Mexican law, and pay a minimal surveying fee.
Of course, this didn’t work out and no Americans followed Mexican culture ir laws. By 1830, white settlers quadrupled Mexicans living in the region.
Texas became a state in 1845 under president John Tyler.
Explain Marbury v Madison
Marbury v Madison: Established the judicial review process which was a system of checks and balances enabling the supreme court to declare legislation null and void by declaring parts of the Judiciary act of 1789 unconstitutional.
Describe the revolution of 1800
Revolution of 1800 happened: transfer of power that led to the decline of the Federalist Party and created a generation of Republican ruling. Jefferson’s campaign also had the goal of transferring those federalists into the republican party.
Describe key events in the war of 1812.
The key events during the war of 1812 includes the Creek War, which was a regional conflict with Native Americans. The battle of York was another significant battle in which U.S troops crossed the Great Lakes and burned several important government buildings, which led to British retaliation on the white house the next year. (It was rebuilt in 1817). The Battle of horseshoe bend was whenever Andrew Jackson rose to fame (he would later become president). The Hartford convention was a series of anti-war meetings held in Hartford and led by the New England Federalist Party. Eventually, the war ends with the Treaty Of Ghent.
Describe notable inventions during the Industrial Revolution.
Spinning Jenny: 1760 allowed for spinning multiple threads together reducing the amount of work needed to produce cloth.
Steam engine (1765): first engine to power machines in factories. Used coal to create steam and drive industry.
Steam boat (1765): ran with steam engines, more efficient transportation over long distances.
Steam locomotive (1804): changed world from manual to steam engine for power to transport people and goods.
Cotton gin (1794):picked out seeds in cotton fibers, sped up cotton production and led to an increased demand for land to grow cotton. Influenced north textile industry, reducing the cost of raw materials for clothing.
Describe an overview of Jackson's ideals.
Sectional division was a prominent theme during his presidency as Jackson overused the spoils system, which allowed government offices to be appointed based on his political supporters. He had many authority behaviors.
Explain McCulloch v Maryland
Maryland challenged Humiliations second national bank and Marshall struck down Marylands claims that the bank was unconstitutional. Denied Marylands right to tax a federal bank.
Describe Jefferson's ideals as presidents and the Alien and Sedition acts.
He believed in small government, states rights and agricultural subsistence. In Jeffersons mind farmers were connected to purity white bankers, and city to corruption.
Alien and Sedition Acts: (laws that criminalized immigrants): Jefferson pardoned those people 3 significant supreme court cases during this time:
Describe the Era of Good Feelings.
Political mood when the people of the U.S felt inspired, patriotic, and unified. (Only because there was only one political party: republicans.)
Describe the Missouri compromise
when Missouri wanted to join the union as a slave state, tensions rose as it would lead to an unbalanced representation in the house. Led to the Missouri compromise in which Henry Clay proposed banned slavery above the 36, 30 line.
Democrats v Whigs
Democrats led by Jackson supported traditional values and small national government whereas the Whigs led by Adams supported political and economic nationalism, a strong nation government and modernization.
Explain Gibbons v Ogden
Marshall established congress’ authority over interstate commerce by denying new york the ability to grant certain individuals the sole right to navigation privileges in waterways connected to other states.
Explain the Louisiana purchase
Republicans believed that to build a strong nation, it required territorial expansion and landownership. Thus, the U.S made a deal with France to purchase a lot of land. This land doubled the size of the United States and provided transportation routes along the Mississippi River, as well as valuable natural resources and fertile soils for farming.
As an effect of the Louisiana purchase Lewis and Clark started an expedition to explore this new land. With the help of the Native Americans and Sacagawea, they helped the explorers form important indigenous contacts.
Describe the Monroe Doctrine
Designed to respect the U.S influence in the Western hemisphere, the doctrine promoted a clear separation between the New World and Old World in which it stated 2 key things. a.) any European attempt at colonization would be viewed as a act of aggression and b.) the u.s would not interfere with Europe’s existing colonies and would stay away from European conflicts. This doctrine was symbolic because it did not have the military strength to support interventionist things.
Describe the Second Great awakening
Second great awakening: A religious movement resulting in thousands of conversions to evangelical religions. Preachers who traveled form town to town like Charles Finney, bring their message to people in a series of emotionally charged religious revivals to recruit new believers.
Describe some of Jackson's acts in office.
Indian removal act which relocated 125,000 Indians, leading to worchestor v Georgia and the trail of tears.
Worcester v Georgia: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Native Americans, stating that the state of Georgia did not have the power to enforce the law. Jackson disregarded this ruling which led to the trail of tears in which forced relocations of Native Americans took place. This led to many deaths.
Bank war: vetoed the renewal of the second bank as he believed it was an abuse of federal power that favored business interests. This caused the Panic of 1837 as when Jackson defeated Clay, he ordered the withdrawal of all federal money from the BUS and deposited it into state banks that supported democrats. Led to the economic collapse and panic of 1837.
Nullification crisis: sectional crisis that occurred when Congress passed a high protective tariff that made southerns very mad. Congress also passed the tariff of abominations in the south. This caused tensions among states and almost led to violence. The solution was to add the force bill (1833) that allowed the federal government to use force to collect the tail if necessary. They also passed the compromise tariff of 1833 which stated the government would gradually lower rates so South Carolina accepted the tariff.
Worcester v Georgia
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Native Americans, stating that the state of Georgia did not have the power to enforce the law. Jackson disregarded this ruling which led to the trail of tears in which forced relocations of Native Americans took place. This led to many deaths.
Market revolution, known as Henry’s clay American system to help the U.S stop depending on Britain and other foreign nations for commerce:
Advocated for protective tariffs to promote the sale of U.S goods and foreign goods would be more expensive,
Advocated for internal improvements: encouraged building of better transportation infrastructure (roads, canals) that helped transfer goods to commercial markets.
Advocated for the second national bank: considered necessary to establish a system of stable currency that would also provide a system of lending supported by the government.
All of this led to the Market Revolution in which had incredible economic and technological growth in the U.S.Stimulated regional and international markets.
Describe reform movements and Transcendentalism during this time.
Temperance movement: social and political movement against alcohol consumption.
Education reform: promoted public school system that would be accessible to all children living in his home state.
Movement for the fair treatment of the mentally ill and prisoners: better treatment for people with mental illnesses in mental institutions and prisoners.
Abolitionist movement: anti-slavery movement.
Transcendentalism: emerged from romanticism that emphasized institution of the mind that suggested the universe, mankind, and nature are interconnected. Included the works from Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller. Encouraged people to immerse themselves in nature and lead simple lives.