Chapter 9: Transforming the Economy (1800–1860)
This system broke production into distinct steps performed by different workers, dramatically increasing factory output.
What is the division of labor?
This 1828 political movement claimed to stand for the “common man” against elites.
What is Jacksonian Democracy?
This philosophical movement led by Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasized self-reliance and the individual.
What is Transcendentalism?
This internal trading system forcibly moved over a million enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South.
What is the domestic slave trade?
This innovation, perfected by Eli Whitney, allowed manufacturers to mass-produce identical parts.
What are interchangeable parts?
The early American textile industry competed most directly with this European industrial power.
What is Great Britain?
In the 1824 election, Andrew Jackson accused John Quincy Adams of winning through this “corrupt” agreement.
What is the Corrupt Bargain?
This religious movement sparked revivals, conversions, and new reform efforts across the North.
What is the Second Great Awakening?
Large landowners who dominated politics and society in the Deep South were known as this elite class.
Who were the planter elite?
This president’s “Spoils System” rewarded loyal supporters with government jobs.
Who is Andrew Jackson?
This major economic shift linked regional economies through canals, turnpikes, and railroads.
What is the Transportation Revolution?
This federal institution was targeted by Jackson, who believed it concentrated economic power in the hands of the wealthy.
What is the Second Bank of the United States?
This group founded a new religious community that practiced polygamy and settled in Utah under Brigham Young.
Who were the Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)?
This region exported the most enslaved people into the expanding cotton kingdom.
What is the Upper South?
This reform movement challenged slavery by emphasizing equality, human dignity, and the immorality of bondage.
What is abolitionism?
This new social class grew during industrialization and included managers, small merchants, and professionals who adopted moral discipline and self-control.
What is the middle class?
This 1832–33 crisis centered on a state’s claim that it could refuse to enforce federal tariffs.
What is the Nullification Crisis?
This type of abolitionism emphasized immediate emancipation through moral persuasion and was associated with William Lloyd Garrison.
What is evangelical abolitionism?
This religion, blending African traditions with Protestant teachings, became central to enslaved community life.
What is Black Protestantism / Evangelical Black Protestantism?
This invention dramatically increased cotton production and expanded slavery in the Deep South.
What is the cotton gin?
This reform movement led by middle-class Protestants attempted to reduce alcohol consumption, improve morality, and regulate society.
What is the Benevolent Empire?
This new political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to Jackson, promoting the “American System” and a strong federal government.
Who were the Whigs?
This 1848 meeting marked the beginning of the organized women’s rights movement in the U.S.
What is the Seneca Falls Convention?
This 1836–1845 conflict over settlement and slavery in the Southwest ultimately led to the creation of a new republic that later joined the U.S.
What was the Texas Revolution / the settlement of Texas?
This political and economic vision, supported by Henry Clay, promoted tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.
What is the American System?