Reformers & Movements
This organization provided social services for immigrants and the urban poor, famously led by Jane Addams.
Hull House
This AFL leader focused on "bread and butter" unionism, emphasizing better wages, hours, and working conditions.
Samuel Gompers
This 1882 law barred Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. for decades.
Chinese Exclusion Act
The belief in acquiring overseas territories and exerting control over weaker nations.
Imperialism
This early agricultural movement, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, worked to improve farmers' conditions.
Grange Movement
A late 19th-century belief that only the fittest individuals would thrive in business and society.
Social Darwinism
This form of business organization, pioneered by Andrew Carnegie, controls all aspects of production.
Vertical Integration
A term describing the influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe during the late 19th century.
New Immigrants
This Populist leader and orator famously gave the "Cross of Gold" speech advocating for free silver and oppossed US expansion
William Jennings Bryan
This political movement sought to represent farmers and working-class Americans, advocating for free silver and government ownership of railroads.
Populist Party
This reform movement applied Christian ethics to address social issues like poverty and inequality.
Social Gospel Movement
This union leader became a prominent figure in the Pullman Strike and later ran for president as a Socialist.
Eugene V Debs
This ideology opposed immigration, favoring native-born Americans over foreigners.
Nativism
This massacre saw the brutal killing of Native Americans by U.S. soldiers in Colorado in 1864.
Sand Creek Massacre
A march on Washington, led by this Ohio businessman, demanded government action to address unemployment during the 1890s depression.
Jacob Coxey
This labor union, led by Terence Powderly, sought to organize all workers, regardless of trade or skill level.
Knights of Labor
This violent 1886 labor protest in Chicago turned public opinion against unions.
Haymarket Affair
This government-run boarding school aimed to assimilate Native American children into white culture.
Carlisle Indian School
This historian’s Frontier Thesis argued that American democracy was shaped by the experience of westward expansion.
Frederick Jackson Turner
This economic philosophy supported minimal government interference in business and became dominant during the Gilded Age.
laissez-faire capitalism
This author wrote A Century of Dishonor, exposing the mistreatment of Native Americans.
Helen Hunt Jackson
This industrialist faced backlash for slashing wages in his company town while keeping rents high.
George Pullman
This term describes the belief that individual effort and self-reliance lead to success, often used to justify opposition to government aid.
Rugged Individualism
This act aimed to break up tribal lands and assimilate Native Americans by granting individual land ownership.
Dawes Severalty Act
This case limited states’ power to regulate railroads, leading to calls for federal intervention.
Wabash Case