6.8/6.9
- political conflict
- religious discrimination
- poverty war
- population boom that complicated other issues
- democratic ideals and political freedoms
- jobs in cities
- land and opportunities in the West
- cultural ties
- new tech allowed for easier transport
What are push/pull factors that brought immigrants to America?
- not the wealthiest not the poorest
Who was the middle class?
Crime, local govt corruption, housing overcrowded, poverty, poor working conditions, hunger, disease, pollution
What is urban life like during this time?
Social Darwinism justifies laissez-faire
- Gospel of Wealth - lot of money, philanthropy, make society better, justified huge wealth, industrialist doing something good with money, no regulation
What are arguments for less regulation by government?
Anglo saxon protestant
rural, african americans
Pro-business, laissez faire, no regulation of economy
Govt regulation of social issues
High tariffs - tax on imports, make goods more expensive, encourage development of local products
Gold standard, increase value of $ by being backed by gold
Abe Lincoln
- Had little to no previous experience with democracy
- Less educated then previous immigrant groups
What were some of the issues immigrants brought with them into America?
Expansion of educational opportunities for men/women
As a result of industrialization, New corporations opened, new jobs in administration & management, men/women
This workforce of educated people earning more money, hence the additional income, possibly with both adults working,
What were causes for the rise of the middle class during the Gilded Age?
Protestant Churches
Women reformers
City Beautiful Movement
What 3 groups addressed issues of urban life during the Gilded Age?
Law of supply and demand drives and corrects the economy, not the govt
What was "Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith?
Loyal party members are gifted with jobs and favors for support
Huge party turnout
Not a lot of division, all about party loyalty and platform
Patronage, gifts
What is patronage?
- Northern & western Europe
- mainly Protestant (but many German & Irish
Catholics)
- high level of literacy
- English speakers
- skilled artisans
What were old immigrants?
Leisure time, consumer culture, entertainment
How the middle class used their extra time and money?
Social services, crowded immigrant neighborhoods, inequality with men
Settlement houses, Jane Addams, social services
Political reform, organizations, suffrage, NAWSA, national american women’s suffrage association
More prominent in social reform in future during progressive era
Who were women reformers?
- Open Door Note (Asian markets)
- annex hawaii
- pushes for large dominant Navy, stronger naval presence will help with trade and business overseas
What is how global influence expands for American during Gilded Age?
Catholics, jews, immigrants, lutherans
Industrial, urban locations
Pro-business, support laisse faire
States rights
Low tariff
Silver standard - less valuable than gold, back $ but decrease value of dollar.. Payoff debt if value lower
Who were Democrats?
- sympathizers
- nativists
- immigrants
Who were the 3 groups that responded to the wave of immigration?
Immigrant from Scotland
Rags to riches
Steel industry, works way up, figures out how to eliminate competition and grow steel business, steel king
Great wealth, what to do with my money
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Focused on urban poverty
Social gospel - love thy neighbor - apply christian values to fix social issues
Promote better living conditions - salvation and good work go together
This group did not generate much national support, more local
Who was the Protestant Church?
this was evident by the census of 1890.
What was the west was now closed off and land was not as readily available?
Mechanized agriculture
Factory mentality goes from city to country/farms
rebs/dems are not addressing needs of farmers
End of laisse faire
Advocate for govt ownership of railroads, telegraph, telephone
8 hr workday for factory workers
Free coinage of silver, silver standard, easier to pay off debts
What is the Populist Party?
- Southern & eastern Europe
- Catholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox
- low level of literacy
- relatively unskilled
What are new immigrants?
Libraries, universities, parks, museums, etc
What are ways the wealthy can give back or philanthropy regarding the Gospel of Wealth?
Overcrowding, city chaos
Cities grow faster than govt is able to plan out and expand to handle immigrant population boom
Fix with urban planning (central park, ny, mall area in dc), parks, suburbs (middle class), green spaces
Better design doesn’t necessarily fix social reforms
Who was the City Beautiful Movement?
Henry clay - american system - 1824.. Fed bank, hamilton’s bank, internal improvements, roads, canals, etc
1820s and 30s, as roads, turnpikes, canals, debates about if states should regulate the improvements not fed
1848 - Free soilers - slavery not in new states so whites can prosper.. Role of fed govt on these matters
1850 - fed land grant to build railroad
1854 - commodore perry sent to japan by fed - diplomacy/business
What are ways the government was involved in the economy prior to the Gilded Age?
Active in local urban areas
Talking to voters, helping immigrants when they arrive, jobs, housing
Scratch my back scratch yours, i do for you, you vote for my party
Tammany Hall Dems, NYC, boss tweed
Corruption
What are Political Machines?