Period 1 (1491–1607)
This exchange brought new crops like maize and potatoes to Europe and horses and smallpox to the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
This colony, founded in 1607, became England’s first permanent settlement in North America.
Jamestown
This slogan expressed colonial opposition to British taxation policies.
“No Taxation Without Representation”
This 1803 purchase doubled the size of the United States.
Louisiana Purchase
This belief claimed it was America’s God-given right to expand westward.
Manifest Destiny
This Spanish labor system forced Native Americans to work in exchange for supposed protection and Christianization.
Encomienda system
This system of forced labor became central to the Southern colonial economy.
chattel slavery
This pamphlet by Thomas Paine argued strongly for American independence.
Common Sense
This doctrine warned European powers against further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
This 1857 Supreme Court decision ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories.
Dred Scott Decision
Hernán Cortés conquered this Aztec capital city in 1521.
Tenochtitlan
This 1730s–1740s religious revival emphasized emotional preaching and personal faith.
First Great Awakening
This 1787 compromise created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in one house and equal representation in the other.
Great Compromise
This compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while establishing the 36°30’ line.
Missouri Compromise
This 1863 battle marked the turning point of the Civil War in the East.
Battle of Gettysburg
These debates featured Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda arguing over the treatment of Native Americans.
Valladolid Debates
This economic theory held that colonies existed to benefit the mother country.
mercantilism
This rebellion highlighted weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and helped lead to the Constitutional Convention.
Shays’ Rebellion
This 1830 law authorized the forced relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.
Indian Removal Act
These three amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and protected voting rights for African American men.
Reconstruction Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th)
This 1494 agreement divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal.
Treaty of Tordesillas
This 1689 document established self-government and freedom of worship in Massachusetts.
English Bill of Rights
This Supreme Court case established judicial review by declaring part of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional.
Marbury v. Madison
This 1824 Supreme Court case strengthened federal power by broadening interpretation of the Necessary and Proper Clause.
McCulloch v. Maryland
This 1877 agreement resolved the disputed election and effectively ended Reconstruction.
Compromise of 1877