Explorers
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world
Ferdinand Magellan
Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over a large area of the Indian subcontinent; credited with ending Mughal rule in India
Maratha Empire
businesses that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors
Joint-Stock Companies
Spanish trading ships that made round-trip sailing voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean
Galleons
revolt in 1860 of the Pueblo and Apache against the Spanish which temporarily drove the Spanish out of the area that is now New Mexico
Pueblo Revolt
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Henry the Navigator
English colony in Virginia that was England’s first successful colony in the Americas
Jamestown
those who were born on the Iberian peninsula and stood at the top of the social pyramid in Latin America
Peninsulares
1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them
Treaty of Tordesillas
slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom
Maroon Wars
Dutch explorer that sailed up the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage in 1609
Henry Hudson
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680
Asante Empire
a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years
Indentured Servant
a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade there
Northwest Passage
Cossack who began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty; Pugachev Rebellion
Yemelyan Pugachev
French navigator known as “The Father of New France” who founded New France and Quebec City
Samuel de Champlain
name Columbus gave to the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Hispaniola
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
Boyars
the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
Columbian Exchange
(1792-1793) the unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire
McCartney Missions
sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 into unknown waters then returned home for fear of a mutiny
Bartholomew Diaz
Spanish commercial center of the Philippines that attracted merchants
Manila
labor obligation in Peru that required a percentage of the adult male Amerindians to work for two to four months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories
Mit’a System
empire based on small outposts rather than control of large territories
Trading Post Empire
sellable crop that is grown and gathered for the market such as sugar and tobacco
Cash Crop