ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS (5.1)
John Locke argued that every child is born with a mind like a "blank slate." This is the Latin term for that idea.
What is tabula rasa?
The period when the Jacobin-led French government executed thousands of people it saw as enemies of the revolution.
What is the Reign of Terror?
This nationalist and his "Red Shirts" conquered southern Italy, helping unify the country.
Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
In this system, merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it into thread in their own homes.
What is the cottage industry (putting-out system)?
In 1853, this American commodore used warships to force Japan to open to trade.
Who is Commodore Matthew Perry?
Karl Marx's term for the middle and upper class who owned the factories and machines.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
Historian A: "The Tanzimat reforms modernized the Ottoman Empire. New law codes, secular schools, and a cash-based economy brought it closer to the industrial states of Europe."
Historian B: "The Tanzimat reforms had limited results. Later sultans feared change and halted reform, women lost rights, and industrialization spread only slowly."
(a) Explain ONE difference between the two historians' arguments. (b) Give ONE piece of historical evidence that supports Historian B.
(a) Historian A argues the reforms succeeded in modernizing the empire, while Historian B argues their impact was limited. (b) Sultan Abdulhamid exiled the reform-minded Young Turks and stopped reform, and the Ottoman Empire stayed far behind Europe industrially (the "sick man of Europe").
This French philosopher praised separation of powers and checks and balances, which influenced the U.S. Constitution.
Who is Baron Montesquieu?
This formerly enslaved leader, well versed in Enlightenment ideas, wrote Haiti's 1801 constitution.
Who is Toussaint L'Ouverture?
This term means "practical politics," doing whatever works. Cavour and Bismarck both used it.
What is realpolitik?
Eli Whitney's idea that machine parts could be made identical, so a broken part could be quickly replaced.
What are interchangeable parts?
These powerful family-owned business groups in Japan bought state-run industries and helped Japan industrialize.
What are zaibatsu?
Poorly built, overcrowded apartment buildings where urban working-class families lived, often in slums with open sewers.
What are tenements?
"...and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." —Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651.
Based on this view of human nature, what kind of government did Hobbes support, and why?
A strong (absolute) ruler, because Hobbes believed people would give up some rights through a social contract in exchange for law and order.
CAUSE: Explain why the way the Estates-General was organized angered the Third Estate in 1789.
Commoners were about 97% of the population but were outvoted by the clergy and nobility, so they broke away and formed the National Assembly.
CAUSE: Explain why the Ottoman Empire created the policy of Ottomanism.
Balkan nationalist and independence movements (like the Greeks') were breaking the empire apart, so the government tried to create one shared Ottoman identity to hold its many groups together.
SOURCE: "One man draws out the wire, another straightens it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top..." —Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776.
What feature of the factory system does this describe?
What is division of labor (specialization of labor)?
CAUSE: Explain why Japan chose "defensive modernization" in the late 1800s.
Japan saw China humiliated by Western powers and was forced open by Perry, so it adopted Western technology and military methods to stay independent and protect its own culture.
SOURCE: "Workers of the world, unite!" —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848.
What was the authors' PURPOSE?
To call on the working class (proletariat) to rise up together against the bourgeoisie and take control of the means of production.
EXPLAIN one way Enlightenment ideas challenged the power of the Catholic Church.
Thinkers valued reason and empiricism over faith and tradition. Deism said God does not interfere in human affairs, and Voltaire pushed for religious liberty, which weakened the Church's authority.
EXPLAIN one way the Haitian Revolution influenced how creoles led the Latin American revolutions.
Creoles feared a slave or mass uprising like Haiti's, so they kept mestizos, mulattoes, and indigenous people out of leadership and protected their own place at the top.
EXPLAIN how José Rizal's execution changed the movement against Spanish rule in the Philippines.
The Propaganda Movement had called only for reform, but Rizal's execution shocked Filipinos and led to an armed revolution for full independence in 1896.
EXPLAIN one way railroads, steamships, and the telegraph changed global trade or migration in the 1800s.
They made transportation faster and cheaper and reached interior regions, so resources could be extracted, goods traded, and people moved far more easily.
EXPLAIN why Muhammad Ali's changes in Egypt are an example of STATE-SPONSORED industrialization.
The government, not private investors, led the changes. Ali took control of cotton production, built textile factories and a navy, and modernized the army.
EXPLAIN one way workers OR governments responded to harsh factory conditions in the 1800s.
Workers formed labor unions to bargain for better wages and hours. Britain passed laws such as banning children under 10 from coal mines (1843) and requiring school (1881), and it expanded voting rights.
Utopian socialists (like Robert Owen) and John Stuart Mill both responded to the problems of industrial capitalism. Explain ONE difference in their solutions.
Utopian socialists wanted to REPLACE capitalism with ideal communities that shared ownership, while Mill (utilitarianism) wanted to REFORM capitalism gradually through laws on child labor, unions, and safety.
CONTINUITY: Identify and explain ONE thing that stayed the same in Latin American society after independence.
The social hierarchy remained: creoles stayed on top, non-Spanish speakers and indigenous people were denied rights, and women gained little. Caudillos (strong local leaders) also replaced the rule of law in many places.
COMPARE: Explain ONE difference between nationalism's effect on the Italian Peninsula and its effect on the Ottoman Empire.
Nationalism UNITED divided Italian states that shared a language and culture into one nation, but it BROKE APART the multiethnic Ottoman Empire as groups like the Greeks and Serbs sought independence.
EXPLAIN one way British colonial rule caused India's iron works or shipbuilding industry to decline.
SAMPLE: Under company rule, high British taxes made mining unprofitable and mines closed. The Arms Act of 1878 limited Indian access to metals, and the British navy took over shipbuilding in the region.
COMPARE: Explain ONE reason Japan's modernization succeeded more than Qing China's.
Japan's Meiji government overthrew the shogun and drove reform from the top, even defeating samurai who resisted, while in China the Empress Cixi and other conservatives ended the Hundred Days of Reform, so change came slowly.
CONTINUITY & CHANGE: Explain ONE change and ONE continuity in the role Latin America and Africa played in the global economy during the Industrial Age.
CONTINUITY: They still exported raw materials such as minerals and cotton. CHANGE: Railroads and steamships let industrial powers reach the interior and extract far more resources than before.