Unit 1
1200-1450
1200-1450
Give 3 ways in which Muslim rule spread significantly during the 1200-1450 period.
Conquest, trade, missionaries.
Explain diasporic communites.
Resulted from trade on the Indian Ocean, Muslim merchant communities, Muslim traders who settled in port cities, encouraged cultural exchange
What allowed land-based empires to develop?
gunpowder
Explain the 3 factors that drove maritime exploration by Europeans.
Gold Glory and God, Europeans sought gold and other valuable resources like spieces and silver, wanted power, prestige, and influence by claiming new territories and dominating trade routes, European nations aimed to spread Christianity
Explain ideas of the Enlightenment.
universe could be understood through reason and logic rather than emotion, tradition, or religious authority, supported rationalism, which emphasized reason as the most reliable source of knowledge, and empiricism, which focused on learning through the senses and experiments, natural rights
What was a major aspect of the Abbasid Caliphate?
Islamic Golden Age, technological and scientific advancements, House of Wisdom
Name a transportation technology AND a commercial technology that helped facilitate trade along the Silk Roads.
saddles, stirrups, caravanserai. paper money, banking houses, bills of exchange
What was the Jizya tax AND what empire abolished it?
a tax non-muslims had to pay (often called dhimmis), Mughal Empire
How did The Columbian Exchange change food and population patterns between the Old and New Worlds?
transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Europe/Africa/Asia and the Americas, introduction of diseases like smallpox causing massive population decline, new world crops like potatoes, Great Dying
Describe the Social Contract.
explains the foundation of legitimate political order and government, outlined how governments should function to protect people’s rights, people have the right to overthrow it and create a new one
Name a characteristics of the Bhakti Movement?
Promoted a strong attachment to one deity, removed the caste system
What was the period of peace under Mongol control?
Pax Mongolia, allowed merchants and travelers to move freely across territories
Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals or means to maintain power.
professional, state-controlled armies, janissaries, devshirme system, safavids taking russian boys, used gunpowder weapons like muskets and cannons
Describe continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period.
Coerced labor systems like the Mita, serfdom, and the use of Janissaries remained common, Spanish used Mit’a system but made it way more brutal and violent on the workers, Social hierarchies continued to shape societies, indentured servitude also continued especially in colonial regions
Explain one revolution during the 1750-1900 time period that was not the American Revolution.
Give AND Explain 3 ways Confucianism shaped society and/or government during the 1200-1400 period.
civil service exam, filial piety, patriarchy, foot binding
Explain how the Indian Ocean impact Swahili city-states?
Made cities like Kilwa and Great Zimbabwe become powerful and wealthy by serving as middlemen, connecting Africa's interior resources with the Indian Ocean trade networks. The spread of Islam through Muslim merchant created the Swahili language
Explain the Protestant Reformation.
challenged corruption, Ninety-Five Theses condemed practices such as indulgences, which claimed to remove penalties for sin, Martin Luther using printing press to spread his writings, inspired others to break from Catholic authority
How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies?
allowed European states to expand overseas while reducing financial risk. Companies such as the Dutch East India Company and British East India Company could fund expensive voyages, build trading posts, and maintain armies, these companies often had government charters granting them monopolies, the right to wage war, and control trade. This system strengthened European influence abroad, secured valuable trade routes, and helped states maintain control over distant colonies without direct state administration
Name 2 states that utilized state-sponsored industrialization to modernize?
Japan during the Meji Restoration. The shogun was removed, the emperor was restored as Meiji, and the government adopted Western ways to prevent Western imperialism. The Ottoman Empire modernized through the Tanzimat Reforms, create unity through Ottomanism. Egypt, under Muhammad Ali, also pursued state-led industrialization
Describe the manorial system AND describe serfdom.
Economic system of exchanging goods for services, had economic relations between landlords and their personal laborers. Unfree labor, workers tied to the land they worked on, provided labor in exchange for protection and the right to live on the manor, very limited rights
What effects did the Trans-Saharan trade routes have on the African continent?
grow wealthy by trading gold, salt, ivory, and slaved. Kingdoms like Timbuktu grew powerful. Spread of Islam led to construction of mosques, connecting West Africa to the Islamic world. Mansa Musa expand his empire. Connected Africa to Europe, Middle East, and Asia
Sikhism developed in the Punjab region of northern India in 1469, Living in a region where Hindus and Muslims often interacted, Guru Nanak blended elements of both traditions, under ruler Akbar the Great who encouraged religious tolerance Sikhism was able to spread
Explain the Casta System.
a racial hierarchy in Spanish colonies that ranked people based on ancestry. Peninsulares and creoles were at the top, while mixed-race groups, Indigenous peoples, and Africans had fewer rights. It helped maintain Spanish control and inequality
Describe the beliefs of Adam Smith OR Karl Marx (choose one).
Adam Smith believed that free markets work best with little government control. He argued that when individuals act in their own self-interest and compete with each other, an “invisible hand” naturally guides the economy so that society as a whole benefits.
Karl Marx criticized capitalism, arguing that it exploited workers and allowed the wealthy to control society. He divided society into the bourgeoisie (owners of businesses and factories) and the proletariat (working class). Marx believed this inequality would eventually lead to a working-class revolution that would overthrow capitalism