Cell Biology
Why are electron microscopes better than light microscopes?
Higher resolution
What is the role of bile?
Emulsifies lipids increasing the surface area increasing rate of enzyme action
What are the differences between arteries, veins and capillaries
Arteries High pressure thin lumen thick muscular walls
Vein Thin walls large lumen valves
Capillaries one cell thick to increase rate of gas exchange
Give 3 risk factors for CHD
Poor diet
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Name the three enzymes
protease, lipase, amylase
What three organelles are only found in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell wall
Where is amylase made and what does it do?
Salivary glands and pancreas
Breaks down starch in to glucose
What are the adaptations of alveoli (any exchange surface)
Large surface area
Thin moist walls
Close blood supply
What is cancer and what is the difference between benign and malignant cancer?
Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth
Benign cancer cannot spread around the body but malignant can through bloodstream
What molecules are the building blocks of proteins?
What molecules are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
glucose
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus
What are villi and what do they do?
Finger like projections on small intestine, large surface area to increase rate of absorption
Structure and function of a red blood cell
Biconcave - larger surface area
No nucleus
Transports oxygen
Name 2 bacterial diseases and how can they be treated
Salmonella + Gonorrhoea
Antibiotics
Where is bile produced and what is the function of bile?
Neutralises stomach acid
Emulsifies fats
How many chromosomes do human diploid and haploid cells have?
Diploid 23 pairs (46)
Haploid 23
Describe the role of enzymes
Biological catalysts
Lock and key
Only break down specific substrates due to complementary shape of active site
Name the parts of heart blood passes through in order starting from where it enters
Vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery to lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta to body
Name 3 viral diseases
TMV
HIV
Measles
Which chemical test is used to detect the presence of glucose in food?
Which chemical test is used to detect the presence of starch in food?
Benedict's
Iodine
What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
Diffusion movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Osmosis movement of water from high to low concentration
Active transport against a concentration gradient using energy
What are the tests for
Starch
Sugar
Protein
Lipids
Starch - Iodine (orange to blue/black)
Sugar - Benendicts + Heat (blue to brick red)
Protein - Biuret (blue to purple)
Lipids - Ethanol + water (clear to cloudy emulsion)
How is the left side of thew heart different to the right and why?
Left side has thicker walls to pump blood around the body at a high pressure
Name a protist disease and a fungal disease
Protist - malaria (transmitted by vectors - mosquitoes)
Fungal - Rose black spot
Explain the lock and key theory and what dentaures enzymes?
Where the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
pH and temperature can denature enzymes