Fresh Water Fish
Fresh water fish are these type of osmoregulators. What is their osmolarity compared to environment?
Hyperosmotic
300mosm compared to ~20-50mosm
Salt water fish are these type of osmoregulators. What is their osmolarity compared to their environment?
Hypoosmotic
300mosm compared to ~1000mosm
Marine reptiles, marine birds, and marine mammals are this type of osmoregulator.
Hypoosmotic
An increase in humidity results in a *blank* of water loss
Decrease
Different animals can tolerate different degrees of change. If an animal can tolerate large amounts of change it is said to be this.
Euryhaline
Because of their internal osmolarity in comparison to the environment, fresh water fish face these 2 problems.
Salt loss by diffusion & water uptake via osmosis
Cl- leak channels located on this side of the membrane.
Apical
These are the two major types of terrestrial animals regarding osmoregulation.
Humidic & Xeric
This temperature of air holds more moisture
Warm
What are the products of metabolism?
water and carbon dioxide
Considering fresh water fish osmolarity dilemma, they must produce this type of urine in comparison to their blood plasma.
Hypoosmotic
During SW fish ion transport Na+ ultimately leaves the blood via this mechanism.
Passive diffusion
For terrestrial animals, these are the 2 main ways of water gain.
Food & water ingestion & metabolic water
Certain mammals and birds posses these anatomical features to aid with respiratory water loss.
Nasal turbinates
What protein would be upregulated if a freshwater animal moved to a marine environment?
NKCC Protein or Sodium Potassium ATPase Pumps
In order to osmoregulate, these 2 ions must be transported from the environment, ultimately to the blood plasma, via the gills.
Na+ & Cl-
For SW fish ion transport, the Na/K ATPase pumps are located on this side of the cell membrane.
Basalateral
These are the three mechanisms of water loss for terrestrial animals.
Respiratory, Cutaneous, & Urine
Most xeric animals can concentrate their urine to conserve water. This gives them U/P ratios:
>1
During aerobic respiration, CO2 and H2O combine to form H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which further dissociates into these molecules.
H+ (hydrogen proton) & HCO3- (bicarbonate)
The step in which the charge imbalance of the cell drives out the HCO3-, which is exchanged for one Cl- uses what type of protein? What type of transport?
Countertransporter
Secondary Active Transport
During SW fish ion transport, a charge imbalance causes Na+ to move inward and with it, 1 K+ and 2 Cl- ions via this type of protein. On what membrane?
Cotransporter
Basolateral
Marine birds and reptiles use specialized salt glands to excrete salts. These glands have a specific name.
Cephalic glands
The osmotic concentration of fluids in the body is regulated by this organ.
Kidneys
In FW fish, a Na+/K+ ATPase is responsible for pumping Na+ into the blood on this side of the cell.
Basal