The Rise of Arab Power
This major development helped unify Arab tribes in the 7th century.
What is the establishment of Islam
This tax was required of non-Muslims living under Arab rule.
What is the jizya?
Georgians called Murwan ibn Muhammad “Murwan Kur” because of this personal trait.
What is his deafness?
Heavy taxation required payment even for this group, according to historian Ghveondi.
Who are the dead?
Arab authority declined partly due to this growing independence of local rulers.
What are amirs seeking autonomy?
These two empires were defeated by Arabs between 636–642.
What are the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires?
Georgians agreed to pay tribute in exchange for protection under this arrangement.
What is the Seal of Protection?
When the Tbilisi emir Sahak rebelled, Arab retaliation caused the destruction of this city.
What is Tbilisi?
Some Georgians converted to Islam to avoid this burden.
What are taxes (jizya)?
By the mid-10th century, the Abbasid caliph mainly held this type of power.
What is religious leadership only?
This commander led the Arab army into Kartli in 654.
Who is Habib ibn Maslama?
This city became the center of Arab rule in eastern Georgia in the 8th century.
What is Tbilisi? (Emirate of Tbilisi)
The last major Arab raid into Georgia occurred in this year.
What is 914?
This author wrote to preserve Christianity and Georgian identity under Arab rule.
Who is Ioane Sabanisdze?
Western Georgia formed this kingdom in the late 8th century, reducing Arab influence.
What is Abkhazia?
Arab control in Kartli was unstable mainly due to this geographical/political challenge.
What is the distance from the caliphate’s center?
The Emir of Tbilisi originally controlled eastern Georgia and this specific area.
What is lower Kartli?
Khazars sometimes supported this empire to resist Arab advances.
What is the Byzantine Empire
The presence of an Arab mint in Tbilisi benefitted administration by producing this.
What is local currency/coins?
The Byzantine Empire’s political instability included this long crisis.
What is the “Twenty-year anarchy”?
This northern nomadic group strongly opposed Arab expansion in the Caucasus.
Who are the Khazars?
One reason Tbilisi was valuable to Arabs was because it lay on these major economic connections.
What are important trade routes?
Local amirs across the empire began resisting central control by refusing to send this to Baghdad.
What is tax revenue?
Cultural preservation was important because Arabs tried to control not only politics but also this aspect of life.
What is religion/faith identity?
The rule of the Tbilisi Emirate ended after the reconquest by this Georgian king.
Who is David the Builder?