perfect gerunds
CDA denied ______ the door before leaving.
A. lock
B. locking
C. having locked
D. to lock
Answer:
C. having locked
Combine the two sentences using perfect participle clauses:
Irene had been warned about the risks. She still invested in the project.
Answer:
Having been warned about the risks, Irene still invested in the project.
In modern labor markets, employers often prioritize demonstrable skills over formal ______ obtained through higher education.
A. graduation
B. school-leaver
C. vocational education
D. qualification
D. Qualification
The actor was criticized for ______ sensitive political comments during a live interview.
A. make
B. making
C. having made
D. to make
✅ CORRECT ANSWER
👉 C. having made
Rewrite the sentence using a perfect participle clause:
After Donald Trump had finished the report, he sent it to the manager.
Answer:
👉 Having finished the report, Donald Trump sent it to the manager.
Bài 5
Identify the error in the sentence:
Many students pursue a higher education in order to obtain a graduation that improves their employability.
A. pursue
B. higher education
C. graduation
D. employability
Correct sentence:
C. graduation ❌ --------> qualification
Identify and correct the error in the italicized part of the following sentence.
He denied having been influencing the decision at any stage of the negotiation.
✅ Correct sentence:
having been influencing --> Having influenced
📌 Brief explanation:
After deny, we use a perfect gerund to refer to a completed action.
Having been influencing is incorrect because the perfect continuous gerund is unnecessary and illogical in this context. ✔️
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
A. Having finished the film, the popcorn was eaten.
B. Having finished the film, Roblox ate the popcorn.
C. Having finishing the film, Roblox ate the popcorn.
D. Having been finish the film, Roblox ate the popcorn.
Answer:
B. Having finished the film, Roblox ate the popcorn. ✅
For many school-leavers, vocational education provides a faster pathway to employment than pursuing higher education followed by ______.
A. qualification
B. graduation
C. certification
D. training
B. graduation
He insisted on ______ all the responsibilities himself. A. take
B. taking
C. having taken
D. to take
Answer:
B. taking
Explanation:
The verb “insist on” is followed by a gerund (V-ing). Here, “taking” refers to the action he insists on doing in general.
“Having taken” would emphasize a completed past action, which does not fit because he is insisting on what he will do, not what he has already done.
Fill in the blank using perfect participle clauses
________ (finish) the negotiation, the minister announced the agreement.
Answer:
Having finished the negotiation, the minister announced the agreement.
Identify the incorrect word:
School-leavers often lack the qualification experience demanded by modern employers.
A. School-leavers
B. lack
C. qualification
D. demanded
Correct word:
C. qualification ❌ --------> qualified
He resented ______ responsible for a mistake he had not made.
A. be
B. being
C. having been
D. to be
Answer:
B. being
Explanation:
“Resent” expresses a feeling toward an ongoing state, not a completed action.
“Being responsible” describes a state that exists at the same time as the resentment.
“Having been” would wrongly suggest the state was finished before he felt resentful.
Note:
➡️ Use simple gerund for states; perfect gerund only for completed actions.
Make a sentence using perfect participle clauses:
For example:
Having been teased by his classmates, Tuan burst into tears
Another sentences:
Having completed the investigation, the journalist published the report.
Having been criticized by the media, the actor issued a public apology.
Having realized his mistake, the politician resigned immediately.
Rewrite the sentence without changing its meaning
Many school-leavers choose vocational education instead of higher education.
Many students leaving secondary school increasingly opt for __________ rather than pursuing __________.
Answer:
Many students leaving secondary school increasingly opt for vocational education rather than pursuing higher education.