Walls
What is the function and purpose of a wall?
Enclose, separate, and protect interior spaces. Can be load-bearing. Transmit vertical loads, act as lateral support
What is the main goal with Advanced/Stack/OVE framing?
To use less wood
What is the process of consolidating wet concrete within a wall?
Stands on the wall and almost stirs it
What are the four basic roof shapes?
Flat, Shed, Gable, Hip
What are the Fascia, Soffit, and Parapet?
Fascia: The finishing exterior on an eave or Rake
Soffit: The finishing underside of a roof underhang
Parapet: A low protective wall along the edge of a roof, bridge, or balcony. originated from castle defenses
What are five things a wall must control?
Possible Answers:
(Note this is also the same for what a roof controls -People)
-Heat
-Infiltrating Moisture
-Moisture
-Water Vapor
-Sound
-Light
-People
What does ICF stand for, and what are the elements that make it up?
- Bonus 100pts: What is the "opposite" of the ICF, and how is it made up?
ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms): A system of formwork for reinforced concrete usually made from rigid thermal insulation that stays in place as a permanent interior and exterior substrate for walls, floors, and roofs. Rebar is also placed within the forms to provide tension.
Bonus Answer: Thermomass, the inverse of ICF, with an insulated form on the inside and concrete layers on the outside faces.
What are three things concrete additives can change within concrete?
Color, Flow, Aggregate
What is the difference between a rafter and a truss?
Rafter: A standard wooden beam that supports a roof
Truss: An assembly of structural members joined to form a rigid framework, usually connected to form triangles
What are Built-Up-Roof membranes (BURs)?
Alternating layers of asphalt and reinforcing fabric
(Deck Surface, Insulation, Asphalt, Cover Board, Ply Sheet, Asphalt, Reflective Roof Coating)
Describe the process of Cast-in-Place Concrete walls (starting with the foundation)
- Bonus 100 pts: What is the name of the groove in cast-in-place footings?
Footing is poured first typically with a key and rebar extending up. Then formwork and rebar is placed, and then the wall is poured
-Bonus Answer: Key (Implemented as a physical way to lock the cement together)
What is Rammed Earth? Name the contents that create it, and the process of when it's used.
- A mix of soil, sand, and cement
- The mix is tamped down in successive layers inside the formwork
-Soil or pigment mix allows color variation
Name six elements of a roof (50pts for each one)
(Hint: These include lines of intersections, overhangs, and window elements)
Ridge: the horizontal line of intersection at the top of two sloping members
Valley: When two roofs come together on the inner portion of the roof
Hip: When two roofs come together on the outer portion of the roof
Eave: a roof overhang
Rake: The inclined, usually projecting edge of a sloping roof
Dormer: A window projecting from the upright of the roof
What is the pitch or slope of a roof (include what number the run is)?
-What is the minimum Flat Roof Pitch?
-What is considered a Low-Slope Roof?
-What is considered a Steep Slope Roof?
Pitch/Slope: Rise over Run (Run being 12")
Flat Roof: <3" per foot slope
Minimum Flat Roof Pitch: 1/4" per foot slope
Low-Slope Roof: Between 3" and 4" per foot slope
Steep Slope Roof: Above 4" per foot slope
What are the three types of Green (vegetated) Roofs?
(100 pts per answer)
Intensive: Minimum 1ft. deep growing medium. Used for Trees, shrubs, etc. Requires irrigation and drainage. Very heavy
Extensive: Growing Medium typ. 4"-6" for grasses and hardy plants
Modular: Aluminium or plastic trays with engineered soil
What is Cob? (there are 5 elements that make this up)
A mixture of clay, soil, straw, sand, and water
What is Cordwood? What makes up its contents? And what is the main disadvantage to using this?
Cordwood uses the length of log masonry units with a clay/cement mortar that creates a continuous barrier from interior to exterior.
The main downside to this is the wood expands and shrinks, leaving gaps within the wall overtime
What is the main function of a roof?
-must transfer loads horizontally to beams, colums, load bearing walls, primarily weight of itself plus enviromental conditions (snow)
-can act as horizontal diaphragm to transfer lateral forces to shear walls
What are Rafter Ties, Collar Ties, Jack Rafters, and Purlin's?
(100 pts for each)
Rafter Tie: Horizontal roof framing member at the bottom of the roof framing system; helps keep walls from spreading due to weight of the roof.
Collar Tie: a piece of wood nailed across two opposing rafters near the ridge to resist wind uplift
Jack Rafters: A short rafter between hip rafter and eave or between valley and ridge
Purlin: Horizontal members between trusses that support the roof
What are the layers in a green roof? (From top to bottom)
(Hint: there are 8 general layers)
- Plants
- Growing Medium
- Filter Fabric
- Drainage/Storage Layer
- Insulation
- Waterproof Membrane
- Protection Board
- Roof Deck
Identify and describe the 8 main parts of a wall frame:
(Hint: think about a diagram with a door and window included)
- Sole plate: The bottom-most piece that is fastened to the concrete foundation
Top Plate: The uppermost piece (most often doubled for distribution of loads and support for length)
Header: A piece of wood placed above the door and window openings (rotated on its edge to increase its structural load capability) Placed in between two king studs
Sill Plate (Saddles): the bottom-most piece in a window
Stud: A standard vertical wood member
King Stud: A vertical wood member that is used to frame doors and window openings in the vertical direction
Trimmer (Jack Stud): A smaller wood piece placed adjacent to a king stud and spanning from the header to the bottom plate. Used to transfer the load of the header to the bottom plate.
Cripple Stud: Short studs located where there should have been studs have not for being interrupted by an opening.
What is the difference between Structural Engineered Panels (ETMMS) and Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)?
SIPs:
-A sandwich of OSB and foam
-up to 12" thick, 8'x24'
-precut and delivered to the site
ETMMS: exterior thermal and moisture management system. large OSB panels act as structure, vapor control, and interior finish. weather barrier applied to the exterior of OSB, then insulation applied over that (One layer OSB, one layer Foam)
Name 5 types of shingles:
(Hint: BIPV is an example of one of these)
(100pts per correct answer)
- Wood Shingles: SAWN from red cedar, naturally water, rot, and UV-resistant. Requires corrosion-resistant fasteners (Wood Shakes are SPLIT from wood)
- Composite Shingles: Organic or inorganic fiberglass base, mineral or ceramic granules on its face. Installed over asphalt-saturated felt (tar paper) underlayment.
- Slate Shingles: Split from sedimentary rock. durable but expensive to install and repair. Very heavy
- Tile Roofing: Clay or Concrete. Durable yet heavy
- Solar Shingles: photovoltaic cells with images printed over them to give acquired appearance. Main example of this is BIPV
Identify the three main types of metal roofing:
- Corrugated Roofing: Ribs provide rigidity to panels. Commonly made from Aluminium, Steel, Fiberglass, Reinforced Plastic, or Structural Glass. Attached with Screw and Gasketed Washers
- Sheet Metals Roofing: Sheets of metal with seams crimped together to shed water
- Standing Seam Metal Roofing: Metal sheets with seams folded into one another
Identify where the following types of Masonry, Metal, and Stud flashings are placed and used (50 pts each):
- Head Flashing
- Sill Flashing
- Spandrel Flashing
- Parapet Flashing
- Cap Flashing/ Counterflashing
- Base Course Flashing
- Coping
- Reglet
- Weep Holes
- Head Flashing: Put on the top of openings with a drip edge to guide water away
- Sill Flashing: Placed at the bottom of openings
- Spandrel Flashing: Used to flow trapped moisture at the seam of the ceiling and wall to the exterior wall of the building
- Parapet Flashing: Includes the use of a Reglet, honestly beyond that I have no clue
- Cap Flashing/ Counterflashing: often used in protruding roof structure to seal the structure from moisture
- Base Course Flashing: Placed at the bottom of a wall to flow trapped moisture out of the building
- Metal Coping: A metal casing placed at the top of a Parapet
- Reglet: Anchored into the side of walls to transition to a new face?
- Weep Holes: Placed at the bottom of Masonry Cavity Walls to funnel trapped moisture outside