Examples
You should not find the defendant guilty of murder, since it would break his poor mother's heart to see him sent to jail.
Misericordiam
Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X
Post hoc ergo
Switch to DentaFresh UltraWhite, the toothpaste recommended by 9 out of 10 dentists. Our advanced formula is the secret to a radiant smile and optimal gum health
Ad verencundiam
Attack the person or some aspect of the person who is doing the argument rather than the intellect or the argument itself.
Ad hominem
Why do elephants paint their toenails red? To hide in strawberry patches! Have you ever seen an elephant in a strawberry patch? No? Well, that proves it works.
Ignorantiam
appeals to emotions
misericordiam
Socrates' arguments about human excellence are rubbish. What could a man as ugly as he know about human excellence.
Ad hominem
appeals to authority
Ad verencundium
the dog barked immediately before the power went out; therefore, the dog’s bark caused the power to go out
Post hoc ergo
A proposition is true because it has not been yet proven false or vice versa
Ignorantiam