Imaging
CC-CNS/PNS Disorders
Oncologic Emergencies I
Oncologic Emergencies II
ARDS
100
65 year old pt admitted with COPD exacerbation. C/o palpitations and SOB. Along with labs and imaging, ECG is obtained:
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
100
What are the main/important causes of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
MI, Cardiac arrest, shock, asphyxiation, paralysis of respiration, CO/CN toxicity
100
Describe Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS).
Clinical manifestations of SVCS?
Causes?
Treatment?
SVC obstruction-->severe reduction in venous return from head, neck and upper extremities.
Symptoms: neck and facial swelling, dyspnea, cough, hoarseness, tongue swelling, headache, nasal congestion, epistaxis/hemoptysis, dysphagia, syncope, lethargy.
Leading causes: Lung CA (small cell and squamous), Malignant Lymphomas
Tx: Radiation therapy (mainstay), Chemo, steroids (lymphomas), stents, head elevation, diuretics, low salt intake.
100
What is the initial treatment of choice for most patients with Spinal Cord Compression.
Radiation Therapy and glucocorticoids.
100
What's the CURRENT and most accepted definition of ARDS?
Defined by the ratio of arterial oxygen tension to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2)
-Mild: >200 but <300
-Moderate: >100 but <200
-Severe: <100
Diffuse alveolar infiltrates/pulmonary edema (non-cardiogenic)
CVP/PCWP <18
200
What are the 2 most common causes of vegetative and minimally conscious states?
Cardiac arrest with cerebral hypoperfusion and head injuries.
200
What are the metabolic causes of ALOC/metabolic encephalopathy in the ICU setting?
What's the Pathophy of elevation of pCO2 in causing ALOC/AMS
Hypercarbic Encephalopathy (hypoventilation syndrome), hepatic encephalopathy, Hypo/hyperglycemia, Hyper/hyponatremia..
High pCO2 causes cerebral vasodilation and increased ICP.
200
Malignant pericardial effusion/temponade is most commonly seen in which types of cancer?
Treatment?
Lung CA, Breast CA, leukemias and lymphomas.
Tx: Pericardiocenthesis, pericardial window, complete pericardial stripping, cardiac irradiation, chemo
200
How is diagnosis of Neoplastic Meningitis made?
Diagnosis is made by demonstrating malignant cells in the CSF. Up to 40% of patients have false negative CSF cytology;
Elevated protein in CSF is almost always present.
200
What are the Pathological stages of ARDS?
1. Exudative or Inflammatory phase (0-7 days)
2. Proliferative phase (7-21 days)
3. Fibrotic phase (>21 days)
300
What are the principal causes (3) of coma?
1. Lesions that damage the RAS in the upper midbrain or its projections.
2. Destruction of the large portions of both cererbral hemispheres
3. Suppression of reticulocerebral function by drugs, toxins, or metabolic derangements such as hypoglycemia, anoxia, uremia and hepatic failure.
300
Describe Central Pontine Myelinosis? Presentation, Imaging, prevention?
Presents with quadriplegia and pseudobulbar palsy. Predisposing factors include severe underlying medical illness or nutritional deficiency; rapid correction of HypoNa or with Hyperosmolar states. The pathology consists of demyelination without inflammation in the base of the pons (MRI).
Restoration of severe hypoNa should be </= 10mmol/L within 24 hrs and 20mmol/L within 48 hrs.
300
What are the primary and metastatic carcinomas causing Malignant Biliary Obstruction? What may be the ONLY symptom of biliary obstruction?
Primary: Carcinoma arising in the Pancreas, ampulla of Vater, bile duct or liver
Mets: gastric, colon, breast and lung.
Sx: Pruritus may be the only symptom. Others: jaundice, light-colored stools, dark urine, weight loss, malabsorption
300
Describe Hyperleukocytosis/Lekostasis? In which conditions is it most commonly associated with? Clinical manifestations? Treatment?
Associated with acute Leukemia (esp. Myeloid leukemia-AML, ALL). Peripheral blast cell count >100,000/mL. Organs effected mostly are Brain (stupor, HA, dizziness, tinnitus, visual disturbances, ataxia, confusion, coma, death) and Lungs (hypoxemia, ARDS, pulm hemorrhage, resp. failure)
Tx: Hydroxyurea, Leukapheresis
300
Describe the ARDS Clinical Trial of Low Tidal Volume Ventilation (ARDSnet)?
-Lower TV (6mL/Kg) vs. Higher (12mL/Kg) results in improved mortality (31 vs. 40%); Lower TV avoids barotrauma/volutrama of healthy alveoli
-Keep Pplat <30, RR <35, PEEP 5-12, Permissive Hypercapnea is OK
400
What are the most common diseases (5) of coma after a Cerebrovascular Accident?
1. basal ganglia and thalamic hemorrhage
2. pontine hemorrhage
3. cerebellar hemorrhage
4. basal artery thrombosis
5. SAH
400
What are the common causes of Wernicke's Disease? What is the characteristic clinical triad?
MRI finding?
Treatment?
Causes: ALCOHOLISM, malnutrition from hyperemesis, starvation, renal dialysis, cancer, AIDS, gastric surgery.
Triad: Opthalmoplegia (horizontal nystagmus, lateral gaze), ataxia, global confusion
MRI: abnormal enhancement of the mammillary bodies
Tx: IV Thiamine (100 mg IV daily) before dextrose solutions
400
What's Lhermitte's sign? Which oncological emergency is it associated with?
Tingling or electrical sensation down the back and upper and lower limbs upon flexion or extension of neck.
Early sign of Cord Compression.
400
Define massive hemoptysis?
What urgent interventions need to be done before any imaging/procedure..?
Most common fungus associated with hemoptysis
Treatment?
1. >200-600mL of blood/24h..Any hemoptysis can be considered massive if it threatens life.
2. Airway, Oxygenation, Hemodynamic stabilization.
3. They should be placed bleeding side down, O2 support
4. Bronchoscopy to localize, YAG-laser therapy, Bronchial Artery Embolization, lobectomy/pneumonectomy.
5. Fungus-Aspergillus sp. cavitate into bronchial Artery and cause bleed.
400
Describe/explain the Fluid liberal vs. Fluid conservative therapy in patients with ARDS?
-Conservative fluid strategy may help patients by reducing edema formation.
2006 ARDSnet
-Conservative or liberal fluid management for 7 days--> CVP <4 vs. CVP >10
-Conservative strategy improved oxygenation index, lung injury scores, increased ventilator free days and ICU free days
- 60 day mortality unaltered
500
What are the 3 clinical/anatomical criteria for diagnosis of brain death? What are the confirmatory imaging modalities used? Describe a positive Apnea test (confirms brain death).
1. widespread cortical destruction (deep coma and unresponsive to all forms of stimuli)
2. global brainstem damage (absent pupillary light reaction, loss of oculovestibular and corneal reflexes)
3. destruction of medulla (complete apnea)
Apnea test, Radionuclide brain scan, EEG, Cerebral Angiogram, Transcranial Doppler
Apnea test: Elevation of pCO2 >60 or 20 above baseline CO2 after 10 min of O2 administered via the trachea.
500
Describe Critical Illness Neuropathy/Myopathy or Neuromyopathy?
Aggravating factors?
Dx/Tx?
Occurs after a prolonged critical illness/ICU stay (several weeks). It's a diffuse axonal degeneration of the peripheral nervous system or muscular atrophy diagnosed with NCV and EMG.
Factors- NMBAs, glucocorticoids, sepsis, poor glycemic control, prolonged mechanical ventilation, Renal Failure, Females, elderly, Certain Abx (aminoglycosides?)
Tx: supportive, PT/OT/OOB, majority cases are reversible but takes weeks to months.
500
1. What are the characteristics of TLS?
2. How would one differentiate acute hyperuricemic nephropathy with renal failure due to other causes?
3. What's pseudohyperkalemia and how can one obtain a true K level in pts with high leukcyte count/TLS?
1. HYPERuricemia, HYPERkalemia, HYPERphosphatemia, HYPOcalcemia. Renal Failure is common.
2. Urinary UA to urinary Cr >1 (acute hyperuricemic nephropathy) vs. ratio is <1
3. PLASMA K level instead of SERUM K should be followed; No electrocardiographic abnormalities are present in PseudohyperK.
500
Outline (in detail) the Prevention and Treatment of TLS?
1. Hydration w/ 1/2 NS or NS
2. Keep Urine pH at 7 or greater w/NaHCO3
3. Allopurinol
4. Monitor serum Chemistry
If after 24 hrs
Serum UA>8; start Rasburicase w/ Allopurinol; if UA still >8 then HD (delay Chemo)
OR
If after 24 hrs
Serum UA <8 and Urine pH >7 then continue Chemo, D/C NaHCO3 and monitor serum chemistry very closely.
500
Outline ALL the therapeutic modalities that have been tried/utilized as part of the management of ARDS.
1. Low TV Ventilation
2. Higher PEEP
3. Permissive Hypercapnea
4. Conservative Fluid Balance
5. Prone Positioning
6. NMBAs
7. Steroids
8. Recruitment Maneuvers
9. NO
10. Rescue Ventilator modes (APRV, Inverse Ratio PC, HFPV, VDR)
11. ECMO