-ISMS
This movement is characterized by active brushwork and bright, brash color unrelated to the natural world or personal expression. Though it dismantled classical conventions of representation, it focused on traditional subjects like portraits and landscapes.
What is Fauvism?
Though the son of a prosperous rural landowner in the French provinces, this artist was a socialist and a champion of the rural poor all his life. At the Paris Salon of 1850-51, he exhibited two huge paintings whose unheroic subjects, unconventional pictorial structures, and bold, broad application of paint (often with a palette knife) shocked bourgeois audiences.
Extra 100 points for the titles of the two works.
Who is Gustave Courbet?
(Burial at Ornans; The Stone Breakers)
This violent working class uprising, which killed or wounded 10,000 people in Paris alone, overthrew the July Monarchy, headed by King Louis-Phillipe, and resulted in the short-lived Second Republic in France, which was dissolved just a few years later when Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I’s nephew) proclaimed himself Emperor.
Extra 100 points for the year the Second Empire is proclaimed.
Extra 200 points for two 20th-century revolutions which impacted works we studied?
What is the Revolution of 1848?
(1852)
(Russian Revolution, 1917; Mexican Revolution, 1910-1921)
This early photographic process was developed in France and produced a unique ghostly image on a tiny copper plate developed with mercury vapors.
Extra 100 points for the first photographic process to produce multiples based on the principle of the photographic negative.
What is a Daguerreotype?
(Calotype)
This devastating event destroyed a huge portion of Chicago but created an architectural blank slate than encouraged new thinking about urban planning and the rise of new building types for a populous and rapidly growing city.
What is the Chicago Fire of 1871?
This highly politicized artistic movement depicts the contemporary social conditions of the rural and urban poor in an unidealized, often confrontational manner, thus challenging the privilege of the aristocracy and bourgeoisie.
Extra 100 points for names of 3 artists.
What is Realism?
(Coubet, Millet, Daumier, Manet)
This largely self-taught French artist sought to escape modern urban civilization, first in Brittany (a remote, rural region of France) and later in the French colony of Tahiti in the South Pacific. Though French missionaries and colonial authorities had already transformed the local culture, his paintings presented Tahiti as a tropical “Garden of Eden” filled with “noble savages.”
Extra 100 points for the term associated with this artist’s attitude towards civilization.
Who is Paul Gauguin?
(Primitivism)
This vast urban redevelopment commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III created wide avenues lined with new homogenous apartment buildings for the well-to-do, while displacing the poor from demolished medieval Parisian neighborhoods.
Extra 100 points for the name of a building that was part of this urban renewal.
What is Haussmannization?
(Charles Garnier, Paris Opera, 1861-75)
In this distinctly 19th century printmaking process, which relies on the principle that oil and and water don’t mix, an artist draws with a greasy crayon on stone, dampens the stone before inking it, and then puts the stone and paper through a press. The result is an image that looks like a charcoal drawing.
Extra 100 points for the name of an artist who used this method.
What is Lithography?
(Daumier)
This architect developed the form of the early American skyscraper in Chicago by following the principle of structural rationalism (“form follows function”) and introducing technical developments like the curtain wall.
Who is Louis Sullivan?
The name of this avant-garde movement was coined in 1874 by a hostile conservative critic, who found the group’s paintings too sketchy and unfinished. These artists were interested in capturing the fleeting, fast-paced nature of modern life—both in the city and in the countryside, where they liked to paint the effects of light and weather conditions en-plein-air.
Extra 100 points for names of 2 artists.
What is Impressionism?
(Monet, Cassatt, Degas, Caillebotte, Renoir, Pissarro )
This Russian-born artist is considered a pioneer of abstraction, and his works emphasize a synthesis of the visual and the auditory. He believed that non-objective (abstract) art as the ideal visual mode to convey universal human emotions and ideas.
Extra 100 points for the term for experiencing sounds as color.
Who is Wassily Kandinsky?
(Synesthesia)
Lasting from 1914-1918, _________ devastated Western civilization both physically and psychologically. This caused many to question logic, science and technology and their role in destruction and loss of life. This conflict directly produced an artistic movement that created nihilistic, nonsensical art that attacked bourgeois values and conventions.
Extra 100 points for the movement referenced here.
What is World War I?
(Dada)
Derived from the French verb coller, meaning “to glue,” this term refers to both the technique and the resulting work of art in which fragments of paper and other materials are arranged and glued or otherwise affixed to a supporting surface.
Extra 100 points for two movements that frequently used this technique.
What is Collage?
(Synthetic Cubism; Dada)
A long projecting element fixed only at one end that depends on structural steel to bear weight.
Extra 100 points for the name of the architect who often used this.
What is a Cantilever?
(Frank Lloyd Wright)
This German Expressionist group was founded in Dresden by young architecture and decorative arts students who embraced the ideas of Friedrich Nietzsche, were inspired by the ‘authentic’ expression of African and Oceanic art and early European woodcuts, and practiced nudism.
Extra 100 points for the name of the other German Expressionist group.
What is Die Brücke?
(Der Blaue Reiter)
This Spanish painter was a child prodigy who experimented with many different styles before transforming the very language of art by reducing and fracturing objects into geometric forms, and then realigning them within the flat space of the canvas.
Extra 100 point for the names of two styles in which this artist participated.
Pablo Picasso
(Symbolism, Cubism, Return to Order)
As the founder of a new therapeutic method for treating mental disorders, he introduced notions like the unconscious, the id and the ego, repression and displacement, and theorized that dreams contain symbols of our desires and anxieties.
Extra 100 points for the movement that embraced his ideas.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
(Surrealism)
“The crowd is his element, as the air is that of birds and water of fishes. His passion and his profession are to become one flesh with the crowd. For the perfect _______, for the passionate spectator, it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and flow of movement, in the midst of the fugitive and the infinite.”
Extra 100 points for the source of this quotation.
What is a flaneur?
(Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life, 1863)
The thin cylindrical piers that raise the Villa Savoye off the ground.
Extra 100 points for the name of the architect who said "a house is a machine for living in."
What are Piloti?
(Le Corbusier)
This movement embraced technological modernity, industrial materials, and the utopian goals of the Russian Revolution, applying a streamlined, machine aesthetic to art, design, and architecture in order to effect a social transformation.
Extra 100 points for an artist associated with this movement.
What is Constructivism?
(Tatlin, Lissitzky)
This artist, who preferred not to be associated with any particular artistic movement, coined the term ‘readymade’ and and privileged conceptual art rather than visual pleasure, drawing on irony and satire in order to subvert traditional modes of artistic production.
Extra 100 points for the name of one of his works.
Who is Marcel Duchamp?
(Nude descending a Staircase; Fountain)
This linguist is the founder of semiotics who theorized that language is a system of arbitrary signs, whose meaning is relational rather than fixed.
Extra 100 points for the movement his theory help us understand.
Who is Ferdinand de Saussure?
(Cubism)
In color theory, the effect whereby complementary colors appear stronger and more intense when placed next to each other.
Extra 100 points for the name an artist who used this effect in his/her paintings.
What is Simultaneous Contrast?
(Delacroix, Seurat, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Matisse, etc.)
The idea, theorized by Abbé Laugier in his Essay on Architecture (1753), that architecture should be based on nature and function, not conventions of beauty; it advocates stripping architecture down to a barebones austerity and simplicity.
Extra 100 points for the architectural style this idea impacted.
What is a Primitive Hut?
(Neoclassicism)