Rationale
In science, a(n) _________ is formulated based on observation and insights, and consists of a series of tentative premises about ideas and concepts that lay the foundation for empirical research about a phenomenon.
THEORY
What defines a "true experiment"?
True experiments are defined by random assignment to experimental conditions and experimental control.
What was the final sample size for Carlson & Zaki's (2018) Study 1?
N = 287. (Carlson & Zaki recruited 300 people, had 295 complete the survey, and excluded 8 respondents, leaving a final sample of 287).
The ___________ of a variable involves translating an abstract theoretical concept into a concrete specification of procedure and measure, so that it may be observed, recorded, and replicated.
OPERATIONALIZATION
___________ is achieved if the probability (p) of obtaining the observed effect by chance is small (usually p < .05).
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
In science, a(n) _________ is a testable directional prediction about specific relationships in a study.
HYPOTHESIS
Were the studies conducted by Carlson and Zaki (2018) true experiments? Why or why not?
YES. They used random assignment to condition and manipulated the variables of interest under carefully controlled conditions.
What is a power analysis?
A power analysis is a calculation completed before data is collected to determine the the sample size needed to achieve adequate statistical power.
Statistical power is the probability of obtaining a statistically significant effect, if that effect actually exists.
What were the key independent variables in Carlson and Zaki's (2018) first study and how were they operationalized?
The two IVs were operationalized via the use of 8 vignettes that varied based on motive framing (control, motivation, consequence) and benefit type (material, social, emotional, or other-oriented).
Carlson and Zaki (2018) found that when agents experienced ________ or ________ benefits as a side effect of prosocial action they were judged as selfishly motivated. But, when agents experienced ________ or ________ benefits as side effects, they were perceived as altruistically motivated.
Selfish: material or social benefits
Altruistic: emotional or other-oriented benefits
Carlson and Zaki (2018) review two types of prosocial actions. Actions that are other-oriented and driven purely by the motive to help others are known as __________ motives.
ALTRUISTIC
What is the primary benefit of an experimental design relative to a non-experimental design?
Experimental designs allow for researchers to establish cause and effect relationships between two variables (X -> Y).
Did Carlson and Zaki's (2018) Study 1 have a high enough sample size to be considered "adequately powered"?
YES; According to Carlson and Zaki (2018, p. 37) their power analysis indicated that they needed "a minimum sample size of N = 270 (or N = 90 per condition) in order to attain approximately 80% power to detect a medium-sized effect".
What was the key dependent variable in Carlson and Zaki's (2018) first study and how was it operationalized?
The key dependent variable was altruistic judgement. Six items measured how altruistic or selfish participants perceived the agent, the agent’s action, and the agent’s motive to be. The six items were combined into one scale ranging from selfish (-5) to altruistic (+5).
If you see the following result, "t(100) = 4.15, p < .001, d = 0.32" what is the best interpretation?
p < .001. The effect is statistically significant.
d = 0.32. This is a small to medium effect.
In one short statement, please summarize Carlson and Zaki's (2018) research hypothesis.
Carlson and Zaki (2018) predict that people will "harshly judge prosocial actions that reflect self-oriented motives, but not those that incidentally produce self-oriented side effects".
________ validity is the extent that inferences of causality can be made about the obtained relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable (Crano, Brewer, & Lac, 2015).
INTERNAL
________ validity is the extent of generalizability or certainty that results can be applied to other respondent groups, different settings, and different ways of operationalizing the conceptual variables.
EXTERNAL
________ validity is the extent to which the operationalization of a variable represents a reliable and valid representation of the theoretical construct it is meant to represent.
CONSTRUCT
_________ is the extent to which the results are valid given the statistical results presented.
STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY