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What is the main difference between foreign language and second language classrooms?
In foreign language classrooms, the target language is not commonly spoken outside class, whereas in second language classrooms, it is the majority language in the learners' environment
According to Ur, what is the primary goal of grammar practice?
Practice can be defined roughly as ‘doing something repeatedly in order to get to do it better’. In grammar practice, learners have repeated opportunities to understand and/or produce grammatical forms and meanings of the target language under more or less controlled conditions; the goal is that they should be able later to do so correctly in their own free written or spoken production."
What is the difference between developmental errors and variational errors?
"Developmental errors indicate that a learner is trying to produce an utterance including structures she or he is not yet developmentally ready for (e.g., The mouse play the guitar)."
"Variational errors occur when learners produce a structure they are theoretically capable of using correctly but fail to do so (e.g., The mouse playing volleyball instead of The mouse is playing volleyball)."
What are the three stages of the PPP approach to grammar teaching?
Presentation, Practice, and Production
What is Input Enhancement?
visual enhancement (color-coding, underlining, boldfacing, enlarging the font) be made to written instructional texts in an attempt to make certain features of the input more salient."
Input Flooding:
"Input flooding refers to exposing learners to an unusually high frequency of a particular grammatical feature in meaningful input."
What is the main argument of the non-interventionist approach to grammar teaching?
It claims that explicit grammar instruction is unnecessary, as learners acquire grammar naturally through comprehensible input.
What is Processability Theory (PT), and why is it relevant to grammar instruction?
In short, it is assumed that specific processing procedures are involved in the production process of linguistic structures and that these procedures are acquired step-wise in L2 acquisition."
PT suggests that learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable order based on their cognitive processing abilities, meaning instruction should align with their developmental stage
What is the “inert knowledge problem” in grammar learning?
It refers to students knowing grammar rules explicitly but failing to apply them in real communication.
What features does the activity include to raise learners' interest?
What are the two main ways to test grammar mentioned in Larsen-Freeman, D. (2009)?
discrete-point items and integrative approach
Table 1. What does it represent?n in Keßler, J.-U., & Lenzing, A. (2018)
"Table 1 illustrates the stages of L2 acquisition for English as an L2, based on Processability Theory."
What is the Teachability Hypothesis, and how does it relate to PT?
"The sequence of interlanguage development outlined above cannot be altered by instruction. This is captured in the teachability hypothesis (e.g., Pienemann, 1998), which in essence states that the stages of acquisition cannot be altered or skipped through formal instruction." It states that learners can only acquire grammatical structures when they are developmentally ready, reinforcing PT’s idea of a fixed acquisition sequence.
What is the main principle behind the Power Law of Practice?
Improvement increases with practice but at a decreasing rate
How does Ur explain the role of "deliberate practice" in developing grammar expertise?
Deliberate practice involves focused, repetitive engagement with grammar in a way that promotes gradual improvement and long-term retention