Joint Intro
A term that refers to the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs
degrees of freedom
What is the function/purpose of synovial fluid, tendon sheaths and bursae?
Reduce friction
Bonus Q: what is a bursa?
Stand up and show me...
Flexion and extension
Abduction, adduction, and circumduction
yayy you did it!
What are the kinds of chronic arthritis and their causes?
Osteoarthritis - Genetics, with injury, overuse and excess weight implicated as factors
Rheumatoid arthritis - The immune system attacks tissues within joints, leading to chronic inflammation
Gouty arthritis - Build-up of uric acid (too much absorbed or too little excreted)
What two bony markings make up the hip joint?
Acetabulum and Femur head
A term that refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement
What is range of motion
These joints are all classified as what? - Sutures and Fontanels, Syndesmoses, and Gomphosis.
Fibrous Joints
What is the special movement of the hand where thumb touches any finger called?
(“pincer” grasp)
Opposition
What could these actions injure?
• Direct blow to the knee
• Strong muscle contraction due to sudden change of direction while running
• Sudden stops, jumps and turns
ACL tear or sprain
Bonus Q - What is the treatment?
What are examples of each type (2) of Cartilaginous joint?
Synchondroses - Epiphyseal plate, first Sternocostal joint
Symphysis - Public symphysis, Intervertebral joints
The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body, what aspect does this mobility sacrifice?
Stability
Bonus Q: is the stability and mobility relationship directly or inversely related?
Which joint type...
contains synovial fluid, are freely movable, most common in appendicular skeleton?
Synovial joints
What is the difference and examples of nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints?
Nonaxial - sliding joints reinforced with ligaments ex) carpals
Uniaxial - hinge or pivot joints with 1 axis of rotation, 1 degree of freedom, 1 plane of movement ex) elbow, Atlantoaxial joint
Biaxial - Condyloid or saddle joints with 2 axis and 2 planes ex) fingers (first carpal-metacarpal joint), wrist (radius and carpals)
Multiaxial - Ball and socket unlimited axes of rotation, 3 degrees of freedom ex) shoulder and hip
Strains and Sprains are both a stretch and/or tear, so what is the difference b/w them?
Sprains are of ligaments
• Caused by twisting, fall, impact
Strains are of muscle or tendon
• Caused by overuse or sudden contraction
Bonus Q - which one would result in decreased stability?
Name the factors that contribute to stability in synovial joints?
Shape of articular surface
# and location of ligaments
Muscle tone - including tension of tendons
bonus Q: which is considered Most Important?
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial
Bonus Q: What are examples of each?
What joint feature absorbs compression?
Articular cartilage - specifically hyaline cartilage in most joints
Aj stepped on a curb yesterday. They rolled their ankle laterally!! Even though it wasn't voluntary what type on joint movement occurred as they rolled their ankle?
Inversion!!
(act like you wanted to see the sole of your foot, OR rolled your ankle)
Q- What is the opposite term to inversion?
What kind of arthritis is bacterial and results in pain, swelling, redness; may follow early symptoms of rash, fever, fatigue?
Lyme Arthritis
What is this joint called?
• Classified as combined hinge/gliding joint
• Hinge action: between mandibular condyle and fossa
• Gliding action: mandibular condyle moves forward towards articular tubercule
• Also capable of side-to-side excursions
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What are the three functional classifications of joint?
Synarthroses, Diarthroses, and Amphiarthroses
Bonus Q: What is the correct order from most movability to least?
What joint feature does this describe?
Fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces (ex: menisci)
Extends inward from articular capsule and partially or completely divide synovial cavity in 2
Improve fit b/w articulating bone ends, making joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on joint surfaces
Discs
ex) menisci, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
During a muscle contraction, does the insertion move toward origin or does the origin move toward the insertion?
The bone that has the insertion moves towards the origin
because... the insertion is on a movable bone while the origin is on an immovable bone
Diagnose this patient:
A 62-year-old patient presents with pain in both hands. They report that the stiffness is most severe in the morning. Upon examination, the clinician notes that the middle knuckles (MCP joints) on both the left and right hands are swollen, feel slightly warm, and have a "spongy" texture. The patient also mentions feeling more fatigued than usual lately and reports weight loss.
Rheumatoid arthritis
How do we know?
- Knuckle joints, warm to the touch, spongy texture, fatigued, and weight loss
Bonus Q - What would be the treatment?
What do ACL and PCL stand for? and where are they found?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament - found in b/w the femur and tibia in the front of the PCL
Posterior Cruciate Ligament - found in b/w the femur and tibia behind the ACL