3.1.1, 3.1.2, 3.1.3 Biological Molecules-1
A single molecule that makes up larger molecules called polymers.
What is a monomer?
The folding of a protein into a 3D shape.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The three components of a nucleotide.
What is pentose sugar + Nitrogen containing organic base + Phosphate group?
A system of fluid filled membranes. No ribosomes.
What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
A protein which causes an immune response.
What is an antigen?
Two monomers are chemically bonded together by this reaction, and water is formed as a by-product.
What is a condensation reaction?
The bond involved in the primary structure of a protein.
What is a peptide bond?
The bond which is formed when two nucleotides are combined.
What is a phosphodiester bond?
Double membrane bound. Inner membrane forms thylakoids, in stacks called granum.
What is the structure of the chloroplasts?
The response of T-Lymphocytes to foreign antigens presented on a body cell.
What is cell mediated immunity?
Formed by a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides.
What is a dissacharide?
The energy that is required to start a reaction.
What is activation energy?
This catalyses the breaking of hydrogen bonds resulting in unwinding of DNA.
What is DNA helicase?
Provides structure to plants by making cells turgid. Temporary food store.
What is the function of a plant's vacuole?
B-Cell clones differentiate into these 2 types during the immune response.
What are plasma cells and memory cells?
A complex carbohydrate which is a polysaccharide made from multiple β-glucose molecules.
What is cellulose?
It bonds to an area of the enzyme which is not the active site. It alters the shape of the protein and so the substrate can't fit in the active site anymore.
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
These are the main stages in DNA replication.
What is this?
1 - DNA unwinds; 2 - Hydrogen bonds break; 3 - New nucleotides attracted to the template strands; 4 - Condensation reactions bond nucleotides together.
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles of the cell by shortening tubulin spindle fibres. The chromatids are now called chromosomes. this phase can be stopped by chemicals which destroy spindle fibres.
What happens during anaphase?
Antibodies do this to pathogens.
1 - Cause agglutination through binding to two pathogens at once. Many pathogens can be clumped together in this way.
2 - They act as markers to stimulate phagocytosis
It has a hydrophobic tail which orients itself away from water but mixes readily with lipids and a hydrophilic head which interacts with water.
What is the structure of a phospholipid?
The factors are involved in the rate of enzyme controlled reactions.
What are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration?
Semi-conservative replication.
What is the mechanism of DNA replication? It involves DNA helicase causing the two strands of DNA to separate, free nucleotides then bind to their complementary bases and they are joined together by DNA polymerase which makes phosphodiester bonds.
The movement of molecules or ions into or out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ATP and carrier proteins.
What is active transport?
Natural active immunity.
A person is infected with a particular disease. Their body responds as normal and develops what kind of immunity?