Defining Language and Linguistics
Human beings communicate and share information through ___________. All ___________, regardless of modality (spoken, signed, written, etc.), are rule-governed communication systems.
What is a language?
the branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds within a language or between different languages.
What is Phonology?
__________ is the study of the forms of words. It is the smallest meaningful units in language and of how those meaningful units are used to build new words or signs.
What is Morphology?
_________ is the building blocks of words and signs used to form structures of phrases and sentences.
What is Syntax?
__________ is the study of the meaning of words and sentences.
What is Semantics?
Sociolinguistics, Semantics, Morphology, Phonology, Syntax, and Pragmatics are some of the ________ ____ ___________.
What are some of the subfields of linguistics?
Cup Board, Tea Cup, Black Board
What are come examples of compound words?
___________ is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.
What is Linguistics?
SUMMER/DRY - Location
RED/CUTE - Handshape
What is the difference between the signs in each pair?
Tab, Dez, Sig
Hold, Movement, Hold
What is the Stokoe system and the Liddell and Johnson method?
WH-Q's, Yes-No Q's, Negation, Commands, Topicalization, Declarative, etc are all examples of the __________ _________ _______ in ASL.
What are the basic sentence types in ASL?
Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound to make a meaningful difference to a word. Ex Tree. /trEE/ phonetic spelling.
Morphemes are basic units of meaning within words. A tree is a free morpheme and has its meaning.
Tree - a woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.
What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme? Provide examples.
What parameters are similar and/or different between these signs?
ENJOY/BICYCLE
SUMMER/WINTER
MONKEY/HAPPY
ENJOY/BICYCLE - all diff.
SUMMER/WINTER - all diff.
MONKEY/HAPPY - Movement same.
EAT SLEEP
MONEY GIVE
EAT MORNING
What are some examples of compound signs in ASL?
Language and other _____________ ____________ are composed of symbols that their users manipulate to produce meaning. English uses a writing system that uses symbols to represent sounds of combinations of sounds.
What are Communication Systems?
What is a Communication System?
_________ is an English word that represents a sign. Linguistics uses _______ to write a signed utterance.
What is Gloss or Glossing?
HAPPY/ENJOY; GOOD/THANK YOU
What are some examples of ASL Minimal pairs?
In ASL, non-manual signals determine the sentence type, not the signs themselves. The signs of a sentence can be identical, but the NMS makes the difference in the sentence type. HOME. HOME (Y/N), Home (negation).
Why is NMS important?
ASL - Numerical incorporation takes place when you incorporate a number into a sign. For example, instead of showing the number four and then signing the sign "HOUR," you can simply use the four as the handshape for your dominant hand and sign "HOUR."
Eng - See you at 4 O'Clock or 4 pm.
What are examples of numeral incorporation in ASL and English?
ASL emerged as a language in the American School for the Deaf (ASD), founded by Thomas Gallaudet in 1817, which brought together Old French Sign Language, various village sign languages, and home sign systems.
Provide a brief history of ASL.
What is numerical incorporation?
Numeral incorporation is a moderately productive process in ASL that combines a numeral and a base to form a compounded fully formed sign. Numeral-incorporated signs involve some sort of simultaneity of the base and the numeral.
ASL is a rule-governed communication system. ASL can be explained, in part, by examining the conditions on the formation of ASL signs. These conditions were first described by Robbin Battison (1978) as Symmetry Condition and the Dominance Condition.
What are the conditions described by Robbin Battison?
Signs are represented with small capital letters in English: CAR, SCHOOL, GRADE.
Lexicalized fingerspelled words are written in small capital letters and preceded with the # symbol, #YES, #DO.
What are examples of Gloss or Glossing?
For each sign listed below find another sign with the same parameters for handshape, movement, and location.
BEST (HS)
PIZZA (M)
DAD (L)
BEST - FORGET, WHY, COME-HERE
PIZZA - KNOW, EAT, ME TOO, WE.
DAD - STUBBORN, COW, BOY, HAT
Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs, are all part of the ______ ____________ ____________.
What are open lexical categories?
_________ is an affix or a bound morpheme that is added to the beginning of a word or a morpheme. E.g. unhappy.
On the other hand, ______ is a bound morpheme that is attached at the end of a root word. E.g. happiness.
What is the difference between Prefixes and Suffixes?
For more than 200 years, the _________________island was home to one of the largest deaf communities in the country.
Which island was home to one of the largest deaf communities in the US?
Martha's Vineyard
Semantics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences and their relation.
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in different contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meanings through language.
What is the difference between Semantics and Pragmatics?
_________ ________ states that in a two-handed sign, if both hands move, then they will have the same handshape and type of movement. DRAMA, MAYBE.
What is Symmetry Condition?
ME LING CLASS ENJOY A LOT. #FUN.
What did I just sign?
I enjoy Linguistics class a lot, it's fun!
_________ _______ ________ is an umbrella term that includes S.E.E 1 (Seeing Essential English), S.E.E. (Signing Exact English), and later Signed English.
What is the umbrella term that includes SEE 1, SEE, and later signed English?
What is MCE?
What is Manually Coded English?
Pronouns, Modal Verbs, Prepositions, and Conjunctions are all part of the _________ ___________ ___________.
What are closed lexical categories?
What are the five parameters of ASL?
Handshape
Palm Orientation
Movement
Location
NMS
Dr. William Stokoe first discovered linguistics in American Sign Language in the 1960s at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. Ever since sign language linguistics has been a strongly growing field worldwide.
Who is the father of ASL linguistics?
The collection of words or signs is called _____________.
Lexicon.
What is Dominance Condition?
These are _________ _______ _________ ______: Identifying parts of signs, writing ASL, Notation methods: Glossing, Transcription, Translation.
What are the tools for analyzing ASL?
The formation of the lexicalized fingerspelled sign #NO is a ___________ __________.
Hint: Processes of building signs.
What is an example of a derivational process?
Subject Verb Object (SVO) is the __________ ________ _________ in ASL.
The Father loves his child.
FATHER LOVE CHILD.
What is the basic word order in ASL?
__________ _________ is how sentences show who did what to whom, with whom, or for whom. examples: Agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, cause.
CAT CHASE DOG.
DOOR, KEY (open).
What is a semantic role?
_______ morpheme - Reliable, Picture
_______ morpheme - UNdo, CarS
What are some examples of Free and Bound morphemes?
Hyponymy shows the relationship between a generic term, Cutlery, ___________, and a specific instance of it, Spoon, __________.
Hypernym, Hyponym.
Language is productive, it has ways of showing the relationship between symbols, the symbols can be broken down into smaller parts, more than one meaning can be conveyed by a symbol or group of symbols, and it can refer to the Past, Future, and not restricted to the Present and the Immediate.
What are the features that make languages unique?
______________________ is the ability to communicate spatial and temporal information while _____________ of _______________ is the fundamental language phenomenon that uses phonemes and morphemes to produce a sentence consisting of phrases and clauses.
What is Displacement, Duality, and Patterning?
__________ _________ is different from derivational morphology. DM is about the creation of new units, while __________ _______ is the process of adding grammatical information to units that already exist. -s, -ing
What is inflectional morphology?
What is the difference between Plain verbs and Indicating verbs? Give examples.
Plain verbs are produced in a static location that cannot be altered without changing the meaning of the sign. EAT, ENJOY, LOVE.
Indicating verbs move toward specific people, objects, or spatial locations, and in doing this, they incorporate additional information about the subject and object of the sentence. I LOVE YOU. GIVE ME. TAKE THAT.
Example: last night I watched Netflix and fell asleep on the couch.
Next week I'm going on vacation.
What are functions words?
What are the eight different changes that are part of the lexicalization process?
Some letters are deleted
The location of the lexicalized changes
The actual handshape changes
Movement is added
Palm orientation changes
Repetition (reduplication) in the movement
A second hand is added
Grammatical information is included
What are the examples of related Verbs and Nouns in ASL?
LICK-ICE-CREAM (V), ICE-CREAM (N).
PAINT (V), PAINT (N).