Concepts
Describe Volontourism
Volontourism is a controversial combination of volunteering and tourism, often being promoted to rich kids as a way to have a "life-changing experience" through "helping" children in developing countries.
What news source created a new so-called "effect" in the media?
CNN
How did a certain news source change the way media impacted policy?
CNN casted 24/7 and showed real-time developments in around the world. Since people could now find out their news at any time of the day, people began putting pressure on governments to act or create policy changes in the displayed areas
"Global Village" metaphor
Because of the global nature of contemporary media and the mutual awareness it engenders, people are now connected worldwide in a never before seen way.
What 3 countries had the highest numbers of aid workers killed in conflicts?
Gaza (163), South Sudan (34), Sudan (25)
How is the statement, "Voluntourism hurts local economies" incorrect?
Voluntourism can benefit local economies as sometimes that country can not afford to pay/support jobs for locals, hence why unpaid volunteers can fill those spots and the money can go elsewhere.
Explain the Humanitarian Placebo Effect
The Humanitarian Placebo Effect occurs when governments deploy humanitarian organizations in lieu of political or military engagement
When humanitarian agencies try to do "risk aversions," what can negatively happen as a result?
Aid agencies can fail to protect those who they promised to protect and failing to speak out/take risks can actually increase risks.
How the relationship between celebrity advocacy and humanitarianism reflects contemporary neoliberalism has been defined by 3 aspects. What are these three aspects?
1.) Neoliberalism seeks to commodify all that has never before been treated as commodities. 2.) Neoliberal globalisation forces open markets in spaces where they do not exist or are underdeveloped. 3.) Under market hegemony, governance becomes less state-centered, more networked, and involves a range of actors, including celebrity experts
Describe the security paradox
The security paradox describes instances where advocating for more security for workers and civilians can result in more violence, danger, and security risks
When trying to influence change to protect aid workers in conflicts, some people use what tactics?
"name and shame" tactics
How does celebrity activism in humanitarian settings reinforce "savior" hierarchies?
By conflicting with the workings/standards of neoliberalism
Explain the "causality-aversion hypothesis"
While policy makers felt pressured by the media to act in response to what was on the news, they also were aware that possibly risking lives could create backlash and negative media/public attention
What are some negatives that can come from the paradox of humanitarian action
1. Rehabilitating combatants so that they can go back to war
2. Supplying aid equally prolongs conflicts by aiding resistance actors
How can humanitarian action be a force multiplier during military interventions
Humanitarian action can be a force multiplier during military intervention in two cases: 1.) the military engages in humanitarian activity as part of a strategic plan and 2.) humanitarian organizations fulfill military or political goals for sponsoring governments