DNA->RNA-> Protein
The process of copying DNA to RNA
What is transcription?
Section of DNA that signals RNA polymerase to begin.
What is a promoter?
First amino acid in every protein.
Methionine (AUG)
Repressors binds where?
Operator
Which modification increases transcription?
Histone acetylation
The enzyme that builds RNA
What is RNA polymerase?
Protein that helps RNA polymerase bind in bacteria.
What is sigma?
P-site
Inducer of lac operon
Lactose
Sequences that enhances transcription far from promoter
Enhancer
Where translation occurs in eukaryotes.
What is the cytoplasm?
Why can transcription and translation occur simultaneously in bacteria?
No nucleus.
What type of tRNA is attached to an amino acid?
Charged or aminoacyl tRNA.
Glucose low+ lactose high--> operon
Fully on (CAP active+repressor off).
RNA that prevents translation
miRNA
A mutation that causes early termination.
What is a nonsense mutation?
What forms at the end of bacterial transcription?
A hairpin loop.
What is translocation?
Ribosome shifts one codon forward.
What if lacl has a loss-of-function mutation?
Operon always on
Why do eukaryotes not have operons?
They regulate genes individually with complex promoter regions.
Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype.
Proteins produced from genes determine traits.
Explain the difference between promoter-proximal elements and enhancers.
PPEs are near the promoter; enhancers can be far away.
Explain why multiple ribosomes can translate on mRNA at the same time.
Ribosomes move 5' to 3', leaving space behind for another ribosome.
Explain positive vs. negative control
Positive control+activator, Negative control= repressor.
Explain chromatin remodeling
DNA unwound from nucleosomes to allow transcription.