Causal Concepts
The link or connection between 2 things
What is Association
Describes the distortion of the relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to a third factor
What is Counfounding
Unlike chance (caused by random variation) Bias is caused by this type of variation
What is systematic variation
A single value chosen to represent a population parameter though it often differs due to sampling error
What is Point Estimate
Name of this salsa means: Beak of the rooster
What is Pico de Gallo
Factor that must be present for a disease to occur
What is Necessary Cause
To be a confounder, a variable must be associated with the exposure and be an independent risk factor for this
What is the Outcome
This type of bias happens when information obtained from participants is systematically innaccurate
Information Bias
A range of values that (with a certain degree of probability) contains the true population parameter
What if Confidence Interval
Father of Microbiology
Developed Germ Theory
Who is John Pasteur
Type of cause that can produce the disease all by itself
What is Sufficient Cause
This study design method involves selecting a comparison group that is forced to resemble the index group based on potential confounders
What is Matching
This specific Bias (AKA Admission Rate Bias) happens when patients with both a disease and an exposure are more likely to be in a hospital
Berksons Bias
The ability of a study to demonstrate an association or effect (if one exists)
What is Power
Father of Epidemiology
John Snow
When you define exactly how you measure something in your study
What is Operationalization
Type of bias that happens when study participants who work tend to be healthier than the general population
What is Healthy Worker Effect
This type of Bias only happens when people volunteer or refuse to join a study based on their own health or habits
What is Self-Selection/Volunteer Bias
Increasing this factor in a study will help reduce the effects of chance but NOT eliminate bias
What is Sample Size
Name of this branch of mathematics comes from the arab word:Reuniting
What is Algebra
Type of causality that describes the probability of an effect in mathematical terms
What is Probabilistic Causality
Specific form of information bias caused by differences in the accuracy of participants remembering past events
What is Recall Bias
What is Interviewer Bias
Value used to determine if an observed association is valid and not likely to have occurred by coincidence
What is P-Value/Statistical Significance
Two words that describe death and disabilty
What is morbidity & Mortality