Show:
Fundamentals
Etiology
Manifestations
Labs/Diagnostics
Pharmacology
100
This is a chronic airway disease characterized by episodic and reversible bronchoconstriction
What is asthma?
100
What are the risk factors for childhood onset asthma? (4)
What is (1) family history of allergy and allergic disorders (2) high exposure of susceptible children to airborne allergens (3) exposure to tobacco smoke in utero and early life and (4) low birth weight and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
100
This causes the appearance of barrel chest in patients with COPD.
What is hyperinflation of the lungs due to air trapping?
100
These are common causes for crackles in the lungs?
What is abnormal excretions, mucus, or fluid in the lungs?
100
These are common quick relief medications for asthma and COPD.
What is beta 2 agonists, anticholinergics and corticosteroids?
200
What is COPD? (define)
What is a respiratory disorder largely caused by smoking, characterized by progressive, partially reversible airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation, systemic manifestations and increased frequency and severity of exacerbations
200
What are the risk factors for COPD? (4)
What is (1) cigarette smoking, (2) genetics, (3) environment (occupational dusts/chemicals), (4) and other factors (childhood respiratory infections, asthma, hyper-responsiveness, nutritional compromise etc)
200
This causes increased vascular permeability through retraction of endothelial cells.
What is histamine.
200
Breathing into a paper bag can help prevent this condition which is usually accompanied with hypoxemia.
What is respiratory alkalosis.
200
This is used in stage IV COPD which improves pulmonary hypertension and increases exercise capacity and lung function
What is oxygen therapy?
300
What are the four phenotypes for COPD?
What is chronic bronchitis. emphysema, bronchectasis and asthma
300
What are additional adult onset risk factors for women?
What is smoking, obesity and hormonal influences
300
This results in release of preformed granules, specifically histamine, chemotactic, chemokines, interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
What is mast cell activation?
300
Inspiratory wheezes are associated with.... Expiratory wheezes are associated with....
What is upper airway obstruction and lower airway obstruction.
300
Beta 2 agonists cause bronchodilatory effects by..
What is acting on beta 2 pulmonary receptors increasing levels of cyclic AMP and relaxing smooth muscle.
400
This type of asthma is triggered by irritant receptors, vagal reflex, inhaled irritants, NSAIDs, sulfites and emotional stress
What is intrinsic/non-atopic asthma?
400
Polymorphisms of these genes is a genetic component of COPD
What is TNF, surfactant, proteases and anti-proteases?
400
Emphysema is characterized by...
What is a loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls and capillary beds. OR the breakdown of elastin in the alveolar septa and bronchial walls as well as breakdown of alveolar and bronchial wall components by proteases.
400
This is commonly found on chest x-rays of patients with asthma or COPD.
What is hyperinflation and flattening of the hemidiaphragms? (both signs of air trapping)
400
This is blocks cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in the inflammatory process.
What is corticosteroids?
500
What is the only intervention shown to slow the rate of lung function decline?
What is smoking cessation.
500
Genetically this gene has been associated with asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness
What is gene ADAM 33?
500
Describe one of the views of systemic inflammation
What is systemic manifestations and co-morbidities are the result of a systemic "pull-over" or the inflammation and respiratory events occuring in lungs OR the pulmonary manifestations are simply one form of expression of a "systemic" inflammatory state where there is multiple oran compromise?
500
Common CBC for people with COPD
What is nomocytic anemia (polycythemia), elevated cytokines and elevated WBC count?
500
Describe the mechanism of action of anticholinergic medications
What is inhibit muscarinic cholinergic receptors reducing vagal tone of the airways which results in bronchodilation?