Who's who
This famous scientist became a professor of mathematics and published the "Theory of Light and Color" and "The Principia."
Who is Isaac Newton?
This is the measure of how much an ellipse deviates from a perfect circle
What is eccentricity?
If an ellipse has a value of c = 8 and a major axis equal to 10 units, the eccentricity of the ellipse =
0.8
Which was NOT a reason for the rise of scientific interest in the 1600's:
the rise of Euclidean geometry
artisans and people of wealth/leisure became involved in scientific studies
development of new experimental equipment
books and journal publications rapidly communicated scientific knowledge
#1
Isaac Newton's laws of motion replaced Kepler's because _________.
The explained a broader set of phenomena, namely planetary AND terrestrial motion.
This mathematician developed three laws of planetary motion.
Bonus for all: write down the names of the three laws.
Who was Kepler.
Law of Elliptical Orbits, Law of Areas, and Law of Periods
__________ is the distance between the sun and the closest point of approach
What is perihelion distance?
If the perihelion distance = 12 million km and the aphelion distance = 20 million km, what is the eccentricity of the ellipse?
0.25
This type of logic draws a broad, general conclusion from a specific set of observations.
What is Inductive Reasoning?
According to Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, every particle in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to ______________.
The product of the object's masses.
This physicist was wealthy and well known in his lifetime; he used a telescope to make new observations about the sun, moon and planets; did many experiments to understand the physics of motion on Earth, including calculating the acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/sec squared).
Galileo
______________ is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun used as a unit of measure.
What is an astronomical unit?
Which was not an observation made by Galileo through his telescope:
Saturn's "buldges, now known to be Saturn's rings.
Mars’ orbit is elliptical
Venus has phases
The Milky Way is thousands of individual stars
#2.
________________ is a scientific rule based on repeated observations, proven to be true over long periods of time and repeated testing. These rules often describe a pattern in a scientific process but don’t necessarily explain the cause (i.e. why the process occurs as it does).
What is an Empirical Law?
According to Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, every particle in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is inversely proportional to __________________.
the square of the distance between the two objects.
This scientist was sent back to his farm from college during the black plague.
Who was Issac Newton?
_____________ is the distance between the sun and the farthest point of approach.
What is the aphelion distance?
This discovery by Galileo with the telescope weakened the old theory that the stars were creased for the purposes of human navigation.
Additional stars in the dark places of the sky with the naked eye.
This type of logic that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
That is deductive reasoning?
Albert Einstein expanded our understanding of gravity with his general theory of relativity, which describes gravity as ___________________.
a geometric effect caused by massive objects being spacetime.
This scientist quantified the gravitational constant, G, later refined to equal 6.67 x 10^-11.
Who was Henry Cavendish?
_________ is time taken for an object to go once completely around its orbit.
What is the orbital period?
These two discoveries by Galileo weakened the entrenched Aristotelian ideal of unchanging perfection in celestial bodies.
The moon's rough & uneven surface & the imperfect, rotating sun.
Issac Newton developed his laws of motion based on four fundamental assumptions. Name them
Nature is efficient leading to simple, universal law (Principle of Parsimony)
Universal Causes (what causes a phenomena in one location is the same cause in another)
Universal Essence (properties of physical composition, like mass, apply to objects throughout the universe).
Experimental Validity
The universal gravitational constant, G = ______________.
6.67 x 10^-11