Health Models & Frameworks
What are the five levels of the socio-ecological model?
Individual, Interpersonal, Organisational, Community, Society
What does the ‘G’ in DOGSGUARDPEGS stand for?
Gender / Government policy / Geographic location
What is morbidity?
The rate of disease in a population.
Define cultural norms.
Shared customs and values within a cultural group.
What are the three core strategies of the Ottawa Charter?
Enable, Mediate, Advocate
Which model includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualisation?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Define health inequities.
Unjust and preventable differences in health between population groups.
Name two quantitative and two qualitative ways to detect health inequities.
Quantitative – mortality, life expectancy. Qualitative – focus groups, interviews.
What is one cultural factor that could influence a person’s view on organ donation?
Religious beliefs about body sanctity, family authority, mistrust, etc.
What’s the purpose of the PABCAR model?
To guide decisions on whether to act on a public health issue.
Why is the socio-ecological model useful in health promotion?
It recognises multiple influences on behaviour and helps design effective strategies.
Name three specific populations in Australia that experience health inequities.
Indigenous Australians, rural/remote communities, prisoners, elderly, etc.
What challenges do governments face when trying to improve health indicators?
Takes time, cost, addressing complex social determinants, political barriers.
What’s the difference between prescriptive and proscriptive norms?
What’s the difference between prescriptive and proscriptive norms?
Name two actions that improve health literacy.
Plain-language materials, community workshops, school programs, etc.
What’s one example of a health promotion strategy at the ‘community’ level of the SEM?
Community health fairs, local campaigns, youth centres, etc.
How can ‘access to education’ affect health outcomes?
Better education leads to higher health literacy, employment opportunities, etc.
Compare life expectancy in Australia and a developing country and explain why it differs.
(E.g. healthcare access, poverty, clean water, etc.)
How can language impact relationships in healthcare settings?
Miscommunication, misunderstanding treatment, trust barriers.
List the steps in a needs assessment.
Identify issue, analyse problem, prioritise, set goals, determine strategies, action plan, evaluate.
Explain how COVID lockdowns could affect two levels of Maslow’s hierarchy.
(E.g. Physiological – access to food; Esteem – loss of extracurricular activities)
How does poor health literacy increase the impact of geographic isolation on health outcomes?
It makes it harder for people to find, understand, or act on health information when services are already limited by distance.
Provide a detailed example of a trend in health data and explain how it might be interpreted.
(E.g. rising diabetes rates in low-SES groups due to diet/exercise access)
Explain how social networks can both support and discourage positive health behaviour.
(E.g. peer support to quit smoking vs peer pressure to drink)
How could the Ottawa Charter be used to reduce vaping rates among high school students?
Policy: Ban vape sales near schools.
Environment: Vape-free school zones.
Community: Parents + school work together.
Skills: Teach refusal + stress coping.
Health Services: School nurse runs quit sessions.